The application of systems theory Essay Example

The application of systems theory Essay Example The application of systems theory Essay The application of systems theory Essay The Application Of Systems Theory To a Case Study Introduction The undermentioned instance survey will detail an intercession with a 32-year old service user who was referred with a scope of showing issues and demands. It was evident that a complex array of household, societal and bureau webs existed, bespeaking that the focal point of any intercession would ask the addressing of these assorted constituents and their function in the service user’s operation. It was decided that using systems theory would be the most efficacious attack in pull offing the service user’s demands. General systems theory was foremost proposed by von Bertalanffy ( 1968 ) as a cosmopolitan theory of the administration of parts into wholes. A system was defined as â€Å"a composite of interacting elements† . Although this paradigm was ab initio applied to the physical universe ( mathematics, biochemistry, etc ) , it was adopted by the curative community in order to explicate an apprehension of systems consisting persons and administrations. Some of the thoughts and constructs systems theory has brought to the field include: Families and other societal groups are systems holding belongingss which are more than the amount of the belongingss of their parts. Every system has a boundary, the belongingss of which are of import in understanding how the system works. Changes within systems can happen, or be stimulated, in assorted ways. Communication and feedback mechanisms between the parts of a system are of import in the operation of the system. Events such as the behavior of persons in a household are better understood as illustrations of round causality, instead than as being based on additive causality. Systems are made up of subsystems ( e.g. parental, matrimonial, siblings ) which are themselves parts of larger suprasystems ( e.g. extended household, the vicinity, infirmary ) . ( Beckett, 1973 ) . The service user was a 32-year old male of Afro-Caribbean beginnings, with a diagnosing of schizoaffective upset dating back to his early teens. He had been shacking in a semi-secure forensic unit for more than two old ages and was detained under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act. In footings of household history, he had been conceived through colza and fostered by distant relations in Trinidad. Upon the decease of his Foster female parent, his natural female parent arranged for him to go forth Trinidad and enter the UK. Shortly after this, he became involved with the mental wellness system and the condemnable justness system. Subsequently, his female parent had refused all contact with him and would non prosecute with any of his attention. The exclusive household contact had been his maternal grandma. A genogram is a utile adjunct within appraisal and intervention when using systems theory ( e.g. Guerin and Pendagast, 1976 ) , in that it gives a concise in writing sum-up of the composing of the systems environing an person. A genogram picturing DE’s peculiar systems was prepared and is illustrated in Figure 1. Within the genogram, DE’s familial relationships are illustrated, demoing the bing subsystem with his maternal grandma. Other subsystems include, DE’s relationships with the condemnable justness system, mental wellness services and with myself, his societal worker. With respect to utilizing systems theory in my appraisal and intercession of DE, this would embrace developing a hypothesis refering the nature of the relationships DE has with facets of his system and how this impacts upon his operation. In add-on, round inquiring would be employed to prove this hypothesis and promote alteration ( e.g. Selvini Palazzoli, Cechin, Prata and Boscolo, 1980a ) . Each of DE’s showing demands will be explored within the context of his wider system and the methodological analysis built-in to systems theory employed in my intercession. Figure 1: A genogram of DE’s instance. The Referral DE was a statutory referral which was accompanied by a challenge from his legal representatives to the local authorization, claiming that they had failed in their responsibilities towards DE as he was medically fit for discharge and did non necessitate to be detained under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act. Although discharge from Section 3 was agreed, no programs were presented to the mental wellness court by the local authorization sing the agreement of appropriate adjustment. From the position of the societal worker, programs were hence required to implement Section 117 and organize appropriate after attention and adjustment. In order to make this, it was necessary to place DE’s wants and penchants every bit far as possible, in add-on to pull offing any hazard perceived by the multidisciplinary squad and the mental wellness court. A transportation CPA to the community squad was organised in order to keep DE in the community and ease his recovery. Adhering to the impression of â€Å"goodness of fit† , built-in to systems theory ( Payne, 2002 ) , that is heightening the lucifer between the person and their environment, ways of developing, keeping or beef uping supportive intercessions and cut downing, disputing or replacing nerve-racking systems were explored. Appraisal An appraisal of DE’s showing demands was conducted in order to explicate a hypothesis based upon the information available which would so supply a starting point and usher to subsequent intercessions. Harmonizing to Selvini Palazzoli et Al. ( 1980a ) , a hypothesis is â€Å"neither true, nor false, but more or less useful† . Therefore, it was of import to keep this stance when sing the fortunes environing DE’s instance. By seeking information from DE and others within his system, I was able to obtain as many positions as possible and concept an apprehension, or narrative, as to how he had come to be â€Å"stuck† and enable him to travel in a more helpful way. Both DE and the multidisciplinary squad involved in his attention agreed that he required 24 hr residential attention, as old supported adjustment had non been able to ease his demands and he had relapsed, taking to his admittance to hospital under subdivision. Extra presenting concerns reported by DE included an impoverished household support web and hapless fundss. Drug and intoxicant abuse were besides apparent, acknowledged by DE and verified by a positive trial for cocaine. DE’s keyworker recounted how DE often disengaged with him and displayed disputing behavior, including interrupting regulations of the attention place and absconding. Indexs of backsliding described by staff included a preoccupation with insect infestation, psychotic beliefs of the devil attacking him and homophobic frights of male staff sexually assailing him. In add-on, non-compliance with his attention program was recognised as a precursor to get worse. Using round inquiries to deduce new information about DE’s state of affairs and the interconnection of the system’s constituents, a form emerged which suggested possible indexs of backsliding. A chief characteristic of disk shape is the capacity of the healer to see feedback from the systems involved and to ask for each portion of the system to associate their positions of other subsystems, thereby metacommunicating ( Selvini Palazzoli et Al. 1980a ; Byng-Hall, 1988 ; Cecchin, 1987 ) . Further important rules of disk shape are inquiring about specific behaviors that occur, instead than feelings or readings and ranking behaviors in order to foreground differences ( Barker, 1998 ; Dallos and Draper, 2000 ) . So, for illustration, DE’s keyworker was asked: â€Å"what does DE make when he breaks the regulations in the house† , â€Å"when you believe DE is get worsing, how do you cognize? What does he state or make? † , â€Å"who is most disquieted abou t DE utilizing drugs/alcohol? † . Similarly, DE was asked such inquiries as: â€Å"when you abscond from the attention place, who is most concerned? †¦ and so who? † , â€Å"when you are disquieted about the Satan assailing you, what make you make? † , â€Å"what would your keyworker say was most of import for you to acquire sorted out? † . A specific usage of round inquiring is to specify the job ( Bentovim and Bingley Miller, 2002 ) . Hence, members of DE’s system, including his cardinal worker, other multidisciplinary squad workers, available household members and DE himself were questioned as to â€Å"what is the job? What do you believe DE/keyworker/etc would state is the job? Who agrees with DE? Who disagrees? Who is it most a job for? † etc. Such information served to enrich the hypothesis that was being formulated of DE’s demands. Over clip, a systemic hypothesis evolved which incorporated the function of impaired household operation and an early sense of forsaking by DE’s natural female parent combined with the loss of his secondary, surrogate female parent lending to the development of a schizoaffective upset. A farther contributing factor may hold been DE’s move to the UK following his mourning and the sense of confusion and disaffection this may hold instilled. A preexistent exposure to his mental wellness jobs may hold been activated by DE’s usage of drugs and intoxicant, perchance his get bying mechanism to pull off the antecedently described stressors. In footings of DE’s behavior within his attention place, it would be of import to see physiological factors many of the concerns reported. The literature associated with schizoaffective upsets has suggested that the oncoming of the unwellness can bring forth cognitive shortages, including memory damage, planning, societal opinion and penetration ( Randolph, Goldberg and Weinberger, in Heilman A ; Valenstein, 1993 ; James and Murray, 1991 ) . These shortages, combined with the deficiency of household support and implicit in psychological issues, could hold resulted in the issues with conformity and rule-breaking reported by the professionals involved in DE’s attention. However, within a systemic attack, it is of import to see the dynamic interplay between the person and the assorted constituents of their system when gestating the job. In DE’s instance, it appeared that the effects of his drug and intoxicant usage and of rejection issues had non been to the full considered by staff at the attention place and hence the effects of these had been able to intensify into backsliding. Furthermore, it may hold been that an over-critical attitude towards DE prevailed within his attention place, as has been described in the construct of expressed emotion ( Leff, 1994 ) . This has by and large been reported as bing within the households of those with schizoaffective upsets and is thought to stand for shortages in communicating and overinvolvement. The map of the job is besides a critical component within a systemic preparation ( Reder and Fredman, 1996 ; Bilson and Ross, 1999 ) and in DE’s instance his showing issues appeared to stand for both a communicating of internal struggles ( loss, forsaking, etc ) and as a solution to the job perceived by him as inappropriate adjustment. Therefore, his behavior could be conceptualised as an effort to decide both internal and external discordance. However, clearly DE’s perceived solution merely served to intensify and keep the indispensable trouble, that of his deficiency of battle with aid and riotous behavior. Intervention There were assorted strands to my intercession with DE, within which I attempted to turn to the issues outlined in the above hypotheses. Initially, the issue of adjustment was addressed. In harmony with a systemic attack, DE’s needs and penchants, every bit good as sentiments derived from members of the multi-disciplinary squad, were matched with available adjustment. Three suited arrangements were identified which were attendant with the demands identified in DE’s attention program, that is: 24 hr residential adjustment with staff to oversee his medicine, promote independent life accomplishments and supervise his activities and behavior to place relapse indexs. DE’s sentiments on the three possible arrangements were sought and a determination reached on the most suited. In position of DE’s history of deficiency of battle with keyworkers, it was felt that regular meetings with his attention co-ordinator would be critical in researching his concerns and pos sible barriers to compliance with his attention program. The usage of round inquiring could be usefully extended in such meetings, in reframing DE’s perceptual experience of his concerns and enabling him to recognizing the effects of his behavior on himself and others. Specific facets of DE’s showing jobs were managed by referral to allow bureaus, therefore widening his system of support. For the substance abuse reported he was referred to a drug and intoxicant worker. A referral to psychological services was made to turn to his rejection and mourning issues. The engagement of DE’s grandma and uncle was besides an built-in portion of discoursing his troubles and it was postulated that at some point in the hereafter, systemic household therapy might be helpful in supplying some coherence to DE’s household construction and enabling communicating with this portion of his system. Once the initial concerns had been addressed, my function turned towards attention direction and a sensible monetary value for the adjustment was negotiated, along with the development of a comprehensive attention program which was presented to the agency’s support panel. The support was agreed and a discharge and transportation of attention CPA was arranged. Throughout the resulting treatments of programs, DE’s sentiments were sought. In order to outdo run into the demands identified and guarantee an optimum rehabilitation programme, DE’s attention program incorporated twenty-four hours attention activities, psychological and community forensic input. In conformity with the rules of a systems intercession, a non-judgemental stance was maintained throughout ( Goldenberg and Goldenberg, 2004 ) and the impression of partnership was promoted ( Dallos and Draper, 2000 ) . Additionally, the scheme of facilitating sustained alteration whilst non being an expert about the system was adopted ( Fleurida, 1986 ) , although this presented certain challenges as will be discussed in the undermentioned subdivisions. In footings of implementing DE’s arrangement, it was agreed that a gradual transportation which allowed him to set to the new scene would better his chances for rehabilitation. Therefore, nightlong corsets and extended corsets for a hebdomad prior to dispatch were arranged. Initially, troubles were experienced with DE’s conformity with some house regulations and I arranged a meeting with DE and the house director in order to discourse and negociate these in order to forestall a dislocation of the arrangement. Once more, round inquiries were used to clarify the job and place possible paths for alteration. For illustration, DE was asked, â€Å"when you don’t follow with this regulation, who is most disquieted? † and â€Å"what prevents you lodging to the regulations? † . The house director was asked inquiries such as, â€Å"What does DE make alternatively of lodging to the regulations? † and â€Å"what grounds do you believe he has for non fol lowing? † . Consequently, specific barriers and obstructions were identified and it was possible to negociate a manner in which DE could asseverate his individualism within the arrangement scene, whilst acting in ways which were acceptable to staff and other occupants. Therefore, the â€Å"fit† between DE and this peculiar system was enhanced. Review and Ending During my work with DE a dynamic, unstable hypothesis was formed which was based on systemic rules, in that it was round, addressed relationships, was expressed in footings of what people do and believe instead than what they are and included all members of the system ( Reder, 1983 ) . The hypothesis was continually monitored and reframed during the intercession stage, which facilitated alteration and enabled new positions and solutions to be considered. Other parts of DE’s system were besides modified by presenting round inquiries as they allowed the assorted professionals and bureaus involved to see how helpful or unhelpful the schemes they employed to pull off the exigencies of DE’s instance were and to derive different positions. It is of import to observe that this attack is distinguishable from simply supplying direction or information, in that it facilitates alteration through the procedure of thought and logical thinking. The initial focal point of intercession – to supply appropriate adjustment – was successfully completed. This was rendered smoother by the gradual passage to his new scene. By the terminal of the intercession, I believe that DE was able to prosecute in a more utile manner with the assorted constituents of his system and was more settled in his arrangement as a consequence. Reports from the house director and other professionals besides indicated that this was the instance. Referrals to other bureaus ( psychological science and drug and intoxicant services ) which comprised a critical constituent of the intercession, enabled an enlargement of DE’s systems and the meeting of antecedently inconsiderate demands. His advancement with these bureaus was ongoing. DE’s battle with community forensic services was valuable in deriving farther positions into his attention. Discussion Within systems theory, the inquiries themselves form a significant portion of the intercession ( Tomm, 1988 ) , as they are believed to take towards a constructive alteration in the debatable experiences and behaviors of service users. In add-on, inquiries constitute a much stronger invitation for users to go engaged in a conversation and procedure than make statements, instructions of information and provides stimulation to believe through jobs entirely, therefore advancing liberty and a sense of personal accomplishment ( Payne, 2002 ) . In continually seeking the positions of DE and positions from other parts of his system, it was possible to make a clearer image of the features of the job and to further a sense of ownership on the portion of DE. That is, because he felt portion of the procedure of alteration, he would be more likely to experience comfy with its parametric quantities. A farther portion of advancing DE’s conformity with his attention program was to utilize positive intension, another of import rule of systems theory ( O’Brian and Bruggen, 1985 ) . Positively implying DE’s behavior consisted non merely in reenforcing and praising his efforts to alter, but besides in admiting that his job behavior was functioning to show his dissatisfaction with the state of affairs he was in. An of import facet of intercession therefore was to pass on an apprehension of how things had come to be the manner they were. Merely through making this was it possible to dispute the bing belief system, pro posing new and different definitions of relationships. Therefore, by admiting the hurting of DE’s forsaking by his female parent with a referral to a psychologist, it enabled him to research a different manner of interacting with this portion of his system. Similarly, by sing the function of drugs and intoxicant in interceding his hurt and enabling him to get by with his state of affairs, other agencies of get bying were explored. The usage of systems theory was congruous with mental wellness policy counsel for CPA in that it was individual focussed, involved all relevant bureaus and required a acknowledgment of demands in order to ease the motion of service users through CPA. The designation of unmet demands in DE’s instance, every bit good as affecting multiple bureaus was important in pull offing his attention efficaciously. As DE was on enhanced CPA, it was of import to see multiple attention demands and to recognize that he was more likely to withdraw with attention. Once more, a holistic appraisal and a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary, multi-agency program which encapsulated his wider system was necessary. Systems theory requires strategic believing about the possibilities and restrictions for alteration in the different systems impacting the user’s environment, every bit good as an apprehension of the possibilities for intercession in each system ( deShazer, 1982 ; Penn, 1982 ) , hence sing DE’s behavior in specific scenes and with specific persons and bureaus was a utile scheme. In add-on, possessing an apprehension of the possibilities for intercession within each system enabled me to believe creatively about different classs of action and possible results ( Byng_Hall, 1988 ) . Review and Evaluation In general, systems theory was a utile tool in working with DE, in that its rules guided many facets of the appraisal and intercession towards a good result. The basic dogmas of systems theory, of being respectful of all positions and trying to authorise the service user to implement alteration, are congruous with the CPA theoretical account of working. However, the rule of keeping neutrality ( i.e. hammering an alliance with all parts of the system ) and a non-judgemental, non adept stance ( Selvini Palazzoli et Al. 1980a ; Fleurida, 1986 ) proved to be more ambitious. As DE’s attention co-ordinator it could be expected that a greater confederation would be formed with him and besides that I would possess, in this function, information and cognition pertaining to a assortment of issues, such as fiscal aid available to him. Clearly in this instance, I was unable to keep a non-expert stance. Furthermore, being non-judgemental in relation to all DE’s showing demands ( for illustration, his drug and intoxicant abuse ) was really hard and whilst my attack could embrace the development of a shared apprehension of this behavior, finally the negative impact on DE’s mental wellness and stableness of his arrangement would necessitate to be acknowledged. Therefore, it could be said that there was a apposition between CPA attention direction and utilizing systems theory. However, it was possible to divide the two facets of my function with DE and use systems theory consequently. In footings of what I would make otherwise, I believe that a greater engagement of DE’s household would hold been good in order to help him in building a different narrative or narrative around his history, which would hold enriched his and possibly others’ apprehension of why jobs were showing themselves. Using systems theory to a service user such as DE, who may hold the cognitive shortages antecedently described, raises some of import ethical issues. First, sing the ability to give consent to such an attack being employed and to the seeking of positions from other parts of the system, such as household members and other workers. The potentially harmful influence of labels has been described in the literature of systems theory ( e.g. Benson, Long and Sporakowski ) , nevertheless the usage of labels such as â€Å"schizoaffective† and â€Å"enhanced CPA† would look ineluctable when working within a multidisciplinary squad which necessitates pass oning with tantamount linguistic communication. However, the usage of systems theory creates infinite for believing about the significance and impact of these labels and is, hence, at the really least a valuable and functional adjunct to the repertory of schemes for pull offing complex instances. Summary and Conclusion The work carried out with DE attempted to exemplify how persons function as a portion of many systems – they are affected by these systems and they, in bend, affect the systems. I believe that the round nature of DE’s showing issues and demands was highlighted efficaciously and the intercession took into consideration this dynamic interchange and the effects that alterations in one portion of a system will hold for other parts. Basically, I have learned that many jobs arise due to a mismatch between persons and the systems of which they are a portion and the function of a societal worker is to heighten the tantrum between the person and the systems impacting them. Mentions Barker, P. , 1998.Basic Family Therapy, 4ThursdayEdition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Beckett, J.A. , 1973. General Systems theory, psychopathology and psychotherapeutics.International Journal of Group Psychotherapy,23, pp. 292-305. Benson, M.J ; Long, J.K. and Sporakowski, M.J. , 1992. Teaching abnormal psychology and the DSM-III R from a household systems therapy perspective.Family Relationss,41( 2 ) , pp. 135-140. Bentovim, A. and Bingley Miller, L. , 2002.The Assessment of Family Competence, Strengths and Troubles. London: Pavillion. Bertalanffy, L. von, 1968.General Systems Theory: Foundations, Development, Application.New York: Braziller. Bilson, A. and Ross, S. , 1999. A history of systems thoughts in societal work. In,Social Work Management and Practice. London: Jessica Kingsley, 2neodymiumEdition. Byng-Hall, J. , 1988. Scripts and fables in households and household therapy.Family Procedure,27, pp. 167-179. Cecchin, G. , 1987. Speculating, disk shape and neutrality revisited: an invitation to wonder.Family Procedure,26, pp. 405-413. Dallos, R. and Draper, R. , 2000.An Introduction to Family Therapy. Buckingham: Open University Press. de Shazer, I. , 1982.Forms of Brief Family Therapy: An Ecosystemic Approach. New York: Guildford Press. Fleurida, C. et al. , 1986. The development of round inquiries.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,12( 2 ) , pp. 112-127. Goldenberg, I. and Goldenberg, H. , 2004.Family Therapy:An Overview,6ThursdayEdition. London: Brooks/Cole. Guerin, P.J. and Pendagast, E.G. , 1976. Evaluation of household system and genogram. In, P.J. Guerin, erectile dysfunction.Family Therapy. New York: Gardner Press. James, P. and Murray, R.M. , 1991. The genetic sciences of schizophrenic disorder is the genetic sciences of neurodevelopment.British Journal of Psychiatry,158, pp. 615-623. Leff, J. , 1994. Working with the households of schizophrenic patients.British Journal of Psychiatry,164( suppl. 23 ) , pp. 71-76. O’Brian, C. and Bruggen, P. , 1985. Our personal and professional lives: larning positive intension and round inquiring.Family Prcess,24, pp. 311-322. Payne, M. , 2002. Systems and Ecological Perspectives. In,Modern Social Work Theory, 3rdEdition. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Penn, P. , 1982. Round inquiring.Family Procedure,21, pp. 267-280. Randolph, C. , Goldberg, T.E. and Weinberger, D.R. , 1993. The physiological psychology of schizophrenic disorder. In, K.M. Heilman and E. Valenstein, eds.Clinical Physiological psychology, 3rdEdition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reder, P. , 1983. Disorganised households and the assisting professions: â€Å"Who’s in charge of what? † .Journal of Family Therapy,5, pp. 23-36. Reder, P. and Fredman, G. , 1996. The relationship to assist: interacting beliefs about the intervention procedure.Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry,1( 3 ) , pp. 457-467. Selvini Palazzoli, M.S. , Cechin, G. , Prata, G. and Boscolo, L. , 1980a. Hypothesising-Circularity-Neutrality. Three guidelines for the music director of the session.Family Procedure,19( 1 ) , pp. 3-12. Selvini Palazzoli, M. , Boscolo, L. , Cecchin, G. and Prata, G. , 1980b. The job of the mentioning individual.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,6, pp. 3-9. Tomm, K. , 1988. Interventive interviewing: portion III. Intending to inquire lineal, round, strategic or automatic inquiries.Family Procedure,27, pp. 1-15. Brooding Diary Analysis I applied the theory of depth psychology to the pattern state of affairs in order to research implicit in issues which had made ME so dependent upon her spouse, JM. This appeared appropriate as it would supply an chance to derive information about any past experiences which had contributed to her present province, in peculiar, the nature and beginning of her anxiousnesss and frights. Uncovering this information would so inform my pattern with ME and JM and supply construction to any intercession. The overall intent of depth psychology derives from the Freudian premise that abnormal psychology develops when people remain incognizant of their true motives and frights and they can be restored to healthy working merely by going witting of what has been repressed ( Bower, 2005 ) . Freud believed that the unconscious struggles he uncovered – in dreams, in memory oversights, in neurotic symptoms – ever referred to certain critical events in the individual’s early life. His observations of his patients led him to reason that all human existences experience a mostly similar sequence of important emotional events in their early lives and that it is this childhood past that shapes their present ( Freud, 1905 ) . Although Freud cautioned against the usage of depth psychology in schizophrenic disorder, as he believed that sick persons of schizophrenic disorder had regressed to a province of â€Å"primary narcissism† , a stage early in the unwritten phase before the self-importance has differentiated from the Idaho ( Freud, 1905 ) , more modern-day psychoanalysts have adopted a different attack. Primarily followings of Melanie Klein, they have taken the place that the schizophrenic place, or dividing between â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† objects, was a normal phase of development and that schizophrenic disorder was the late effect of non negociating this phase decently ( Salzberger-Wittenberg, 1970 ) . Therefore, the flow of unconscious stuff ( e.g. psychotic beliefs, hallucinations and thought upset ) were actively encouraged, explored and participated in. In ME’s instance, a preparation of her presenting issues included the function of specific anxiousnesss and frights. Anxiety has been conceptualised psychodynamically as a province of weakness and â€Å"psychic pain† , which consequences from the sensed disagreements between one’s ideal ego ( or ego ideal ) and one’s existent ego ( Freud, 1926, cited in Brown and Pedder, 1991 ) . These painful disagreements can non so be easy assimilated into our witting position of ourselves and the universe because of the anxiousness they arouse and the effect is a â€Å"defence mechanism† activated to repress this psychic hurting. Using open-ended inquiries with ME, such as â€Å"how are you experiencing? † and leting her to react freely revealed a small of her province of head, Internet Explorer. â€Å"very low, ever tired and really sad† . It was interesting to observe ME’s spouse, JM’s, account of ME’s low temper, â€Å"the weather† , a topic he had mentioned at the beginning of the brush. This may bespeak an effort to avoid, or support against, speech production of hard issues and moreover, may stand for his ain header scheme. Further inquiries to arouse ME’s emotional province included â€Å"has it made a difference? † ( sing the usage of anti-depressants ) and â€Å"how do you experience about discontinuing smoke? † An built-in rule of depth psychology is the usage of transference and countertransference within any clinical brush ( Casement, 1985 ; Salzberger-Wittenberg, 1970 ) . Transference is the conveyance of past feelings, struggles and beliefs into present relationships and state of affairss, specifically to the curative state of affairs ; whilst countertransference is a reversal of this – the feelings of the analyst towards the service user ( Salzberger-Wittenberg, 1970 ) . For illustration, a manifestation of transference may be the single responding to their healer or carer as they would towards of import figures from their yesteryear, such as in a childlike or hostile mode. Countertransference has been exemplified in instances where down persons project their hopelessness and depair onto their healer, who in bend develops negative attitudes towards their client and the result of therapy. In the brush with ME, it was of import to be cautious that she was non reassigning her anxio usnesss and paranoid thoughts onto any confederation with me and to be cognizant of the possible projection of her broken and dependent thought. My premises sing ME prior to the meeting were that she would be more independent and possess greater verbal accomplishments, given that she was on standard CPA. As she was good supported in the community, I believed that my primary part would be to back up and prolong JM’s function of pull offing ME’s mental wellness. During the class of the meeting, it became apparent that ME relied on JM tremendously and that he often responded to inquiries on her behalf. When ME did answer, her responses were limited and reasonably concrete. In order tosupplement the psychoanalytic theory I was using to an apprehension of ME’s demands, I used motivational inquiring ( â€Å"what about some indoor activities? Like swimming, I remember you stating one time that you liked that and it was fun? ) , positive feedback ( â€Å"you quit smoke late and it’s been 8 hebdomads and that is superb. That took a batch of willpower† ) and some self-disclosure ( â€Å"†I int end on utilizing you as my function theoretical account in seeking to halt smoke myself† ) . Although non purely adhering to rules of depth psychology, it was necessary to accommodate the techniques I was utilizing in response to ME’s showing demands. Following my meeting with ME, I considered the utility of using depth psychology to an person with schizophrenic disorder. Whilst I had considered the ethical issue of non doing premises about the manifestation of symptoms, as different persons display changing features of the unwellness, I acknowledged that a pure psychoanalytic attack may be excessively demanding for ME. Alternatively, facets of the theoretical account, such as understanding the psychodynamic history and assisting the single move towards new nonpsychotic forms of life would be most utile. An attack outlined by Lamb ( 1982 ) , which recommends beef uping self-importance control, giving advice, covering with life’s jobs, presenting experiential topics ( decease, freedom, isolation and nonsense ) and cut downing guilt by â€Å"taking sides against the superego† , may stand for a more balanced position. Basically, I came to appreciate that open-mindedness and flexibleness are valuable pre-requisites when sing any curative stance and the application of specific theories and seting one’s attack to the demands the service user is critical. Mentions Bower, M. ( Ed. ) , 2005.Psychoanalytical Theory for Social Work Practice: Thinking Under Fire. Abingdon: Routledge. Brown, D. and Pedder, J. , 1991.Introduction to Psychotherapy, 2neodymiumEdition. London: Routledge. Casement, P. , 1985.On Learning From the Patient. London: Routledge. Freud, S. , 1905. Three parts to the theory of sex. In, A.A. Brill, ed..The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud.New York: Modern Library, 1938. Lamb, H.R. , 1982.Treating the Mentally Ill. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Salzberger-Wittenberg, I. 1970.Psychoanalytical Insight and Relationships: A Kleinian Approach. London: Routledge.