The Study Of Crime Criminology Essay

The Study Of Crime Criminology Essay /The study of crime is an important aspect in criminology as it helps students understand the concepts applied in criminology. Students learn different concepts in criminology. For example, students learn on sources of crime, how different theories are used to explain crime. Also, students learn how to measure crime. Reflecting what one has learned is important as it helps one apply the knowledge acquired and identify major issues in the area of study. Most students find it hard to reflect on what they have learned. This paper analyzes the concept learned in classes so as to demonstrating understanding. Also, the paper will show how to apply the knowledge gained the society. The thesis statement is reflecting the content learned in class and applying the new knowledge in future. Reflection Measuring crime The chapter focuses on methods of measuring crime and importance of measuring crime. Also, it helps one identify the weaknesses of the methods used to measure crime and how to improve the methods. Measuring crime is important as it helps enhance how police officers investigate crimes. Measuring crime reveals the trends in investigation of crimes. It is important to ensure accuracy when measuring crimes. Accuracy helps implement measures to curb crime effectively. This is because the measures are based on valid and reliable data (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). It is difficulty to measure crime in the society as crime is secretive in nature. The chapter measuring crimes helps one understand methods used to measure crime in the society. There are different methods of measuring crime in the society. According to the chapter, criminologists can use surveys, statistical records and self report survey can be used to measure crime. The methods give different results and are used differently. Most people value statistical measures as they provide accurate information on how to measure crime. The government has authorized criminal justice agencies to store information about crimes (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). The agencies store details of crimes committed in a database then analyze the information using statistical methods. Most people claim that statistical methods provide accurate results unlike other methods like surveys. Victim survey can be used to measure crime in the society. In victim survey, the police officers measure the degree of criminal behavior by focusing on the victim. Victim surveys method does not provide accurate information as victims may fail to report the crime to the police. In addition, the victim of the crime may lie and this leads to wrong results. Some people disagree with the victim survey method because it is likely to give invalid results. Some people argue that counting the victim of crime is not similar to counting people who have committed the crime. This is because people give different views and this interferes with the accuracy of the results. The method does not measure victimless crimes. For example, police officers do not use survey method to measur e victimless crimes like drug abuse. This interferes with the results and police officers end u0p giving wrong results (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). Another method used to measure crime, is personal survey. In personal survey, the criminal is allowed to give information about their violation of the law. Police officers ensure confidentiality and privacy so as to encourage the criminal to give accurate information. The method has some weaknesses as the criminal might lie or give a fake description so as to escape conviction (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). The type of method to be used to measure crime has become a major issue in the society. This is because the current methods used by law enforcement officers to measure crimes are not effective. Some people do not agree on police officers using statistical methods to measure crime. This is because most crimes are not reported to the police and this interferes with the results provided. People in the society experience various types of crimes. Some are major while others are minor. Major crimes like murder are reported to the police and a law enforcement officer might have enough information on major crime happening in the society. Most minor crimes are not reported as the victims in the society consider them to be of less importance. For example, it is difficulty for people in the society to report crimes like snatching. This implies that law enforcement officers do not have adequate information on minor crimes. This interferes with the results released by the police officers. Thus, m ost people do not agree with statistical methods (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). Another issue in the area is accuracy of results and information provided by the criminal. Law enforcement agencies find it difficulty to get accurate information from the criminal. This is because the criminal or the victim might not give correct information. This makes it hard to implement the right measures to curb crime (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). The development of criminology theories and production of research in the field is difficulty. This is because criminologists do not have data that is reliable and valid. This has influenced progress in the area of criminology. Hence, the high rate of crimes in the society. For example, governments and law enforcement officers find it hard to enact measures to curb crime. This is because they do not have enough information (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). Further, it has become difficulty to compare the rate of crime internationally. This is because the society has become diverse and the methods used to carry out research are not effective. The methods used to carry out research are not able to cover various items like gender, race, ethnicity etc. The factors differ from one place to another (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). The chapter has helped me learn how to measure crime and how the methods used to measure crime work. It has also helped me learn the weaknesses of the methods used to measure crime and how to improve the methods. In addition, the chapter has helped me learn the issues that need to be addressed in the area so as to make prevention of crime effective (Maxfield Babbie, 2008) The criminal agencies should find better ways of measuring crime. They should develop a new system that will be used to measure crime. The system should integrate survey methods and statistical methods together so as to overcome the weaknesses of each method and make the results valid and reliable. The knowledge gathered from the chapter will be applied in criminal agencies to design a new system that produces accurate and reliable results (Siegel, 2009).. Economic, social and cultural sources of crime The chapter analyzes the causes of crime. It analyzes how economic factors, social factors and cultural factors contribute to crime. Identifying cause of crime helps the student apply the knowledge learned in class to control crime in the society. The causes of crime include economic factors, social factors and cultural factors. Economic factors are the major causes of crime. This is because of the gap between the poor and rich. Criminologists have linked poverty with crime. They believe that poverty is the major cause of crime in the society. This is because people do not have enough money or material things to cater for their daily needs. Most people in urban areas and rural areas do not have enough income to sustain themselves. This forces young children and adults to adopt behaviors that are against the societal norms. For example, children and adults in slum areas are likely to involve themselves in crime so as to earn their living. Most people have written theories to explain t he causes of crime in the society. They argue that the disparity between the rich and poor has led to increase in crime as people have to find an alternative method to earn their living. The researchers claim that criminals are influenced by economic factors to steal as they want to bridge the gap between the poor and the rich. Thus, economic factors increase the rate of poverty in the society (Siegel, 2009).. There are social sources of crime. Most people agree that social factors contribute to the high rate of crime in the society. This is because family members and peers influence children differently. First, family members can contribute to crime among children. This is because the child spent most time with the parents and family members. In addiction, family actions increase the rate of crime in the society. For example, parental supervision influences young children. Children who do not get parental love and care are likely to indulge in criminal activities. This is because the children are left to move from one place to another. Another social source of crime is harsh punishments. Children who are subjected to harsh punishments are likely to indulge in criminal activities than children who are not subjected to harsh punishments. Harsh punishments create fear in the child and force him to involve in criminal activities. Rejection of the child leads to criminal activities. This is be cause the child does not get proper care and love (Siegel, 2009).. Apart from rejection if the child per pressure contributes to high rate of criminal activities in the society. Most children learn how to commit crime from their friends. Young children are easily influenced by friends who commit major crimes like drug trafficking or killing. Criminologists argue that peer pressure leads to increase in crime rate as the child is not able to avoid the influence from other people. The pressure forces him to commit crime in the society (Siegel, 2009).. There are main issues in the area of sources of crime. First, people differ on the causes of crime in the society. Some think crime is caused by factors like social, economic factors and cultural factors. Others think the factors do not contribute a lot to crime. Most researchers argue that economic factors do not contribute a lot to crime. This is because countries that have good economic growth experience crimes like countries that do not have good economic growth. This implies that other factors work together to cause crime. The researchers claim that reducing the economic gap between the rich and the poor will not reduce the rate of crime in the society. This is because other factors also contribute to high rate of crime in the society. Others argue that social factors and cultural factors cause crime. Social factors like methods of parenting and peer pressure contribute to high rate of crime. The controversy surrounding causes of crime has made it difficulty for criminologist to identify the main causes of crime. This has also affected the efforts to prevent crime in the society (Siegel, 2009). Another issue in the area is the belief held by various people in the society. Criminologists have different views on the sources of crime. Some think criminals are subjected to various factors that force them to commit crime. They argue that criminals are subjected to social factors, economic factors, and cultural factors. Genetic factors also contribute to crime. The difference in opinion has made it hard to control crime in the society. Criminologists do not agree on the causes of crime. One school argues that physical abnormalities contribute to crime while another school emphasizes on environmental, social, economic factors. In order, to prevent crime in the society, the different schools have to agree on the causes of crime (Siegel, 2009). I have learned how social, economic and cultural factors influence people to commit crime. According to the knowledge gathered from the chapter, social, economic and cultural factors have led to increase in crime in the society. This is because people do not understand how the factors influence crime and this has made it hard to prevent crime. In future criminal agencies should identify social, economic and cultural factors and integrate them together to prevent crime. They should educate the society on how to prevent crime by addressing the factors above. The knowledge acquired from the chapter will used to develop new methods of preventing crime that address social, economic and cultural factors so as to prevent crime (Siegel, 2008). Biological and psychological explanation of crime The chapter helps one understand how biological theories and psychological theories are used to explain crime and how they affect prevention of crime. There are various theories that have been developed to explain crime. For example, criminologists and other people have developed theories like biological theories and psychological theories to explain crime. The theories have different views and they influence prevention of crime differently. Advocates supporting biological theories argue that criminals are influenced by biological factors to commit crime. The advocates argue that genetic factors contribute a lot to criminal behavior in the society. According to biological explanation of crime, criminals inherit genetic materials from the parents and the genetic factors force the criminal to commit crime. Criminals have a certain hormones that influence them to commit crime. Psychologists have developed psychological theories to explain crime. They base their argument on the mental di sorders as the major cause of crime. Psychologists believe that people having mental disorders are likely to commit crime than people who do not commit crime. Most people who have been imprisoned have committed crime because of mental disorders. The victims of crime claim that mental disorders influenced them to commit crime (Siegel, 2008). The difference in opinion between the advocates for biological theories and psychological theories has made it difficulty to control crime. It has led to increase in the rate of crime in the society. The controversy has become a major issue as it affects control of crime (Siegel, 2008). From the chapter above, I have learned that several factors should work together for a criminal to commit crime. For example, biological factors and psychological factors force the criminal to commit crime .This has increased my knowledge as I have known what influences criminals to commit crime and why there is high rate of crime in the society (Siegel, 2008). The knowledge gathered from the chapter above will help design new methods to prevent crime in future. The current methods used to prevent crime do not encompass biological explanation and psychological explanation of crime. The methods are only aimed at preventing crime. Criminologists should integrate biological explanation and psychological explanation of crime in the prevention methods. This will make it easy to control crime in the society. Biological factors contribute a lot to criminal behavior and criminologist in future should identify biological factors that cause criminal behaviors so as to prevent crime in the society. Also, criminologists should work together with psychologists to identify psychological causes of crime and identify ways to prevent the factors from influences the person to commit crime. The law enhancement agencies should not be aimed at preventing crime, but they should be aimed at helping people in the society not to commit crime (Siegel, 2008). Conclusion The thesis statement is reflecting the content learned in class and applying the new knowledge in future. The three chapters above have helped me acquire new knowledge. There are various issues identified in the three areas that need to be addressed. First, measuring of crime has become a major issue. This is because the current methods used to measure crime are not effective. The methods do not provide reliable and viable results. Also, accuracy is a major issue when measuring crime as the methods used to measure crime do not ensure accuracy of information collected and results. The chapter has helped me learn how to measure crime, methods used and how to apply them. The cause of crime is a major issue as people differ on the cause of crime. Social, economic and cultural factors are the major causes of crime in the society. The law enforcement agencies should integrate social, economic and cultural causes of crime so as to make prevention of crime effective. Lastly, the biological and cultural explanation of crime has helped me know how crime is related to biological and psychological factors. This will help improve prevention of crime in future. Law enforcement agencies will work on identifying how biological factors and psychological factors influence crime. ÂÂ   ÂÂ  

American Capitalism Essay -- Economics Politics

American Capitalism Capitalism - "An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state." America was an ideal breeding ground for capitalism, a relatively new country, in need of young entrepreneurs to kick start it's already buoyant economy. The country was an ideal place to get rich quick, an idea that inspired the immigrants that poured into it each year. In America it seemed you could turn your rags to riches in no time at all. It's this idea that fueled the American Dream Capitalism was motivated in the 20s by the Republican government. They believed in non-interference or "laissez faire", the policy of letting businesses regulate themselves and to have any caps in how far or how much they go. The government thought that businessmen could work best in a climate made by themselves, not coordinated by the government. Americans believed in rugged individualism, the fact that anyone could make a fortune if they put in enough hard graft. Republicans helped American capitalism prospering by introducing tariff barriers, making it that all goods coming from abroad had to taxed heavily before entering the country, meaning that prices in the USA for those products raised so the foreign companies could still make a profit. When presented with two items of similar quality, one with ultra-inflated prices from England, and one with a cheap price from America, it's likely that a normal person would choose the cheap American home brand product. By doing this Republicans helped the idea of American capitalism to prosper. As well as being the ... ... towering monolith such as this falls, it's going to make a sizable dent. It triggered off the great depression, people lost all their money, all jobs were stopped, property was taken away and life became a nightmare to all involved. Of course, some people survived relatively unscathed, but, as normal, those people were the rich. The whole concept of an American dream could have worked if the country had taken their time, realised that there was no rush, if companies had expanded slowly and if people hadn't been so interested in the stock market. Of course all these problems came from the idea of an American dream and people, being only human, are selfish and want to have more money, and more money is what is offered in a system of capitalism. The American dream soon turned sour and turned into an American nightmare.

My First Real Experience With Biometrics

My first real experience with biometrics occurred when my son purchased a new cell phone nearly two years ago. During the initial setup, he selected an iris scan as his passcode. I was a little surprised by the technology and skeptical of the convenience and security. My first question to him was, â€Å"What if someone needs to get in your phone?†. He quickly replied, â€Å"That is what the security feature is for, so they can't get in. If I want them in it, I'll open it and hand it to them.† He is an active duty Navy sailor. He explained to me that he felt more secure knowing that no one could break into his phone because of this passcode. I observed him over the next two weeks while he was home on leave. Each time he accessed his phone, he simply looked into the screen and instantly he had access. He has shared that when others see that his passcode is an iris scan, they realize they cannot hack into the phone. Most never attempt anything at this point. Those that do are not successful. To this day, he has not had any security issues with his phone. Watching the success and ease at which biometrics worked with a cell phone, I moved to a biometrics passcode when I purchased a new computer earlier this year. My new computer came with FastAccess Facial Recognition. After initial setup which included some training to recognize my face, I no longer had to enter a password or PIN. .There are advanced features that turn off the webcam, enable parental controls, and enable an automatic login feature that make FastAccess safe and user-friendly. When someone else tries to access my computer, access is denied because FastAccess does not recognize them. I've been told for many years that my daughter could pass as my twin, but the computer knows better, it would not unlock for her. Lighting can affect the process, the system does not work in poor lighting conditions. In these cases, I am prompted for a second form of authentication, a PIN or password. Other than this, I have been very pleased with not having to use a password to access my system and knowing my data is secure. Now that I was familiar with biometrics in â€Å"my† environment, I wanted to learn more about biometrics in the area of health information, an area I have worked in for nearly thirty years. According to Whitman and Mattord (2018), biometric access control refers to physiological characteristics used to authenticate identification that has been provided. This control relies on recognition, comparing an actual image to a stored image. Fingerprints, palm prints, hand geometry, facial recognition, retinal prints, and iris patterns are types of biometric authentication technologies. The three characteristics in humans that are generally considered unique are the fingerprints, the retina, and the iris (pp 334-335). Iris recognition provides the highest level of accuracy of all biometric markers. According to Katz, the algorithms used in iris recognition are so accurate â€Å"that the entire planet could be enrolled in an iris database with only a small chance of false acceptance or false rejection† (2002). Concerns in the area of biometrics are â€Å"false negative† and â€Å"false positive†. When an individual has a false negative their identity is registered within the system but for some reason, the system does not recognize them. A false positive is the larger concern. This rating means the individual is not registered within the system, yet the system is recognizing them as another registered user and providing access to them based on that recognition. Facial recognition technology opens the door to many possibilities in healthcare, particularly in the area of health information management. This technology has been widely discussed as part of the national patient identifier initiative. Facial recognition is a preferred technology over other biometric techniques because it does not require direct contact with the patient and it is easily deployed. Some of the uses for facial recognition in the health information management area allows for authentication of proper security clearance for employees to grant or deny access within the EHR to staff without a password or PIN. By authenticating your employee, you are maintaining the confidentiality of the protected information. The same technology can be used to verify or authenticate the identity of a provider when they access controlled substances. Facial recognition is the preferred technology because â€Å"some areas within a hospital zones require clinicians to wear surgical gloves and masks, thereby prohibiting the use of fingerprint authentication† (Callahan, 2017). Another option is a feature where â€Å"a patient's image can bring up their file in the EHR using facial recognition software† (McCleary, 2016). This security feature allows the healthcare provider to compare their patient to the stored patient image. Authenticating the patient allows you to maintain the integrity of your data, minimize medical mistakes and improve patient safety. Additional bonuses will be cost savings by reducing fraud, and improved protection or security of confidential patient heath information. There are yet additional benefits of facial recognition to the medical arena. One benefit is the prevention or reduction of medical identity theft. Medical identity theft occurs when someone uses another individual's information to obtain medical services for personal or financial reasons. If the individual presenting for treatment had to be identified by facial recognition, their identity would be authenticated or denied. This could prevent someone from trying to use your insurance benefits or obtain access to your demographic or financial information. Again, this protects the security of confidential patient data. Facial recognition is also an important authentication feature in the healthcare field to establish the identity of patients, particularly those that are unresponsive. Early identification of these patients in emergency situations within an integrated EHR can give healthcare providers instant health information about medical conditions, medications, and allergies. Facial recognition provides a better alternative for identification than fingerprinting for burn victims those patients who have experienced amputations. Some genetic conditions allow diagnosis via facial recognition according to a study at the National Human Genome Research Institute. One provider of facial recognition software, Nextgate, â€Å"claims to simplify registration, flag fraudulent activity, and eliminate the creation of duplicate records† (McCleary, 2016). We may be able to eliminate duplicate records if this software meets its expectation. Duplicate records are a data quality issue that result in compromised â€Å"patient safety, medical care, data accuracy, and reimbursement† (Harris and Houser, 2018). Duplicate records occur for a variety of reasons, primarily human error due to transposing of letters and/or numbers during data entry, the use or non-use of middle names, and abbreviations. As we see more and more organizations merge or become part of a larger healthcare organization, the opportunity for duplicate medical records increase. â€Å"Duplicate records have caused negative outcomes in the discovery phase of the litigation process because there will be discrepancies with diagnoses, medications, and allergies† (Harris and Houser, 2018). Maintaining a single, confidential patient record ensures the availability and integrity of the patient data. Organizations are beginning to turn to biometrics to eliminate their duplicate records. The three possible methods include iris, palm vein, and fingerprint scanning. Iris scanning is the preferred method because it â€Å"supports hospital infection control initiatives and is very effective in preventing duplicates as there is a low occurrence of false positives and extremely low (almost zero percent) false negative rate† (Harris and Houser, 2018). With iris scanning, the technology never has to touch the patient whereas, palm vein and fingerprint scanning technology requires a physical contact between the patient and the technology. This increases the opportunity for infections to be spread. Organizations with an advanced enterprise master patient index (EMPI) are those that often contain patient information for multiple locations within one health system. The EMPI integrates data from the various systems forming an â€Å"overarching technology umbrella, resolving and synchronizing data issues and providing a single patient view that can be accessed across the enterprise. The EMPI resolves data quality issues and synchronizes back to enable accurate patient identification and matching that minimizes duplicates records† (Harris and Houser, 2018). The EMPI provides a level of confidentiality and security throughout the organization. When biometrics are implemented at the registration process and integrated into the EHR, health information professionals and providers can view and authenticate the patient information while working with the patient and within the EHR. Members of a data integrity team can verify patient records are properly integrating into the EHR as the patient moves through the health system. In areas where a facial recognition or fingerprint cannot be captured but a barcode can be scanned, the integration provides the patient's image for a comparison prior to medication administration or other service. This form of authentication provides an added security and safety feature. While all of this technology sounds like a win for the patient and the healthcare system in general, we must also consider the law. According to Hedges, three states (Illinois, Texas, and Washington) now have legislation that regulate how biometric information is collected and used. More states are expected to follow suit. The Illinois Biometric Privacy Act (BIPA), â€Å"defines biometric information to mean â€Å"any information, regardless of how it is captured, converted, stored, or shared, based on an individual's biometric identifier used to identify an individual.† (Hughes, 2018). BIPA does not include information captured in a healthcare setting or collected for treatment, payment, or healthcare options under HIPAA. It is uncertain how the Department of Health and Human Services will address biometric information at this time. One area that healthcare organizations should start to consider is how their business associates may interact with any biometric information they collect. The changing pace of technology is trying to keep up with the pace of today's security challenges. It seems as if each day we hear of another security breach or security issue almost daily. There are tools for the health information professional to address or combat areas information security issues. Two of the most powerful tools are iris scanning and facial recognition. These tools can authenticate employee and patient identification. By authenticating the employee, you maintain confidentiality of information. By authenticating the patient, you maintain patient safety and the integrity of your data.

Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Characters and Social...

England, under James 1st rule was a vastly altered period compared to our now modern society. So many of the values held during this time, have now been discarded and forgotten. Jane Austen grew up in the Romantic period and experienced a world which was divided, whether through education, class, status, fashion, abilities, gender and etiquette. Her novel, Pride and Prejudice is counted as one of the great classics of English Literature. Austen engrosses readers to live in her world for a time and experience a society filled with matchmaking, romance, marriage and gossip. Every one of her characters is so distinctive and has a clearly outlined caricature. Each of their diverse values conveys a different thinking of the time. Pride and†¦show more content†¦Mary (another sister) plays a tedious, dreary piece on the piano and sings quite embarrassingly. Instead of girls having an education they were expected to have accomplishments and skills. Mrs Bingley then takes over and ex pressively shows off her prestigious talents which highlight her upbringing. Elizabeth does not really value these skills such as piano playing, drawing or sewing and would much rather spend her time reading. Her intelligence and wit however, compensate for this in the eyes of Mr Darcy. Perhaps the largest dismissal of social etiquette in the novel is when Mr Collins finds Mr Darcy is Lady Catherine’s nephew and wishes to introduce himself to Elizabeth’s horror, ‘assuring him that Mr Darcy would consider his addressing him without introduction as an impertinent freedom, rather than a compliment to his aunt†¦ it must belong to Mr Darcy, the superior in consequence, to begin the acquaintance’. Mr Darcy finds the introduction comical, though he does not really show it and so do the readers as Mr Collins is so pompous in his manner and believes he can disregard the expected rules because he knows an aristocrat. 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If Pride and Prejudice is indeed about how two stubborn youth have misjudged each other, then why is it that this novel is so infrequently viewed to be connected to Austen’s origi nal novel about misjudgment and reading one’s fellowsRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1450 Words   |  6 Pageslight-humored wit as well as heartfelt cast of characters, Pride and Prejudice explores the classic yet distinctive narrative of the two divergent characters Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy. Set towards the end of the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century in England, Jane Austen offers a profound insight into the social manners and behaviors expected of individuals in this time. In Elizabeth’s endeavor for independence in the face of her expectation as a female to marry, she must also unravelRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1434 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was considered a radical novel back in 1813 when she wrote and published the piece. It is a social commentary on the treatment and societal standards of women, as well marriage expectations at the turn of the 19th century. Austen critici zes the patriarchal society, materialism, double standards of men and women by centering the book around Elizabeth Bennett, a young woman of decent means who does not understand the reason for the pressure to find a suitable husbandRead MoreDichotomy In Jane Austens Pride And Prejudice878 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatest dichotomies in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice is made evident in the title. Namely, the book and the title reflect the division between individual as a spontaneous self and individual as socially constructed part of a greater whole, and the interaction that takes place as a result of the interaction between these selves. â€Å"Pride,† while it can be informed by the presence of others, is a character trait that can exist individual qua individual. For example, compares â€Å"pride† to â€Å"vanity,† a word

Deterrence and Rational Choice Theory of Crime - 3085 Words

The issue of whether decision making by criminals is a rational process is a heated topic of discussion when one asserts that crime is the role of choice. Before the classical school of criminology, crime was thought to be the product of the paranormal occurrence of demons, witches, ghouls, and other creatures. The time prior to the classical school of criminology, called the preclassical era, is divided in two parts. Before the time of state intervention into private matters, each individual dealt with violations of their rights. This was a problem because of the continuous cycle of violence being perpetuated. Soon the State (and even the Church) took on the task of dispensing law and order to the masses of the Middle Ages. This led to a†¦show more content†¦For example, the shame of being exposed as a deviant to friends and family is more threatening than official sanctions. John Braithwaite asserted that shaming someone served to shape ones conscience. The crimes that see m to be the most deterrable seem to be those that are rational, instrumental, mala prohibita (acts that are not inherently evil but prohibited for other reasons), and typically committed in public places. Evidence of the deterrability of drunk driving is limited. Although, the sanctions associated with drunk driving may have a moral education effect. Capital punishment as a deterrent has little effect partly because of the irrational nature of acts punishable by death. Actually there is considerable support for a brutalization effect where it seems that violent crime tends to increase after an execution. There are factors that make someone more or less deterrable. Those who are future oriented, have high self control, are low risk-takers, have an authoritarian personality, are pessimistic, and older people. Also, those who are from higher classes are more deterrable. Females are more deterrable than males. 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Theme Of Red Dress By Alice Munro - 1664 Words

In the short story â€Å"Red Dress-1946†, Alice Munro suggests that a person can have fears of standing out and embarrassment due to society’s expectations. This can pressure one to conform with the majority, and ignore foresights of their future when making life-altering choices. The narrator is led to believe by her mother and her peers that the only way of living a happy life is to find a good husband. This idea is changed when she meets a girl named Mary Fortune who challenges the typical idea of ordinary, but her fear of being different ultimately leads her back to trying to fit into society’s expectations. This blinds her from the foresight that she is following the same path as her mother, and her life could result similar to her†¦show more content†¦By being pressured to fit in, she resorts to self-harm which displays the negative impact of society’s expectations for women to look a certain way. In addition, the hardships of being a woman in 1946 were displayed as the female teacher helplessly â€Å"begged [the boys]† to behave and often â€Å"burst into tears†. Women were considered less superior compared to men, thus they were more vulnerable to the opinions and actions of others because they had more difficulty defending themselves. Eventually, the narrator has no choice but to go to the school dance with the foresight of humiliation. At the school dance, â€Å"a Paul Jones† dance symbolises society and the road the narrator is taking in life where the girls are in the inner circle, the boys are in the outer circle and they end up with whoever is in front of them. The girls barely have a choice with who they end up with, similar to how the narrator does not have an opinion or choice, she is simply desperately waiting for anyone who picks her because she does not want to stand out which leads to embarrassment. The narrator is acutely aware of the â€Å"world’s opinion†. When she r ealized she was one of the few girls left without any boys claiming her, she felt as if â€Å"everybody knew it†. The pressure to conform makes her overly critical of herself, and although she might feel embarrassed and feel like everyone is focusing on her,Show MoreRelatedFeminist Criticism In Alice Munros Axis1087 Words   |  5 Pagesor short story, relating to the present sexism. Ruled by the mental and social prisons of society, the protagonists of Alice Munro’s â€Å"Axis† are the embodiment of the struggles faced by women seeking refuge from the dominant patriarchy during the 1900’s. Although this short story is usually perceived as a thriller, it clearly exhibits a very prominent feminist standpoint. This theme is exposed through the power relationships of the characters in the book, the structuring of masculinity and femininityRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Alice Munro s How I Met My Husband 1783 Words   |  8 PagesLiterary Analysis – Edie and Alice Munro’s Life Alice Munro’s short story, â€Å"How I Met My Husband† has a narrator that is one of a kind and a true reflection of the author’s lifestyle. The symbolic meaning of Edie’s role in the story can be directly related to the life Alice Munro was living and striving for herself. Edie is a 15-year-old girl who strives for marriage and affection from men, has been raised in a country/rural setting, and does poorly in obtaining a higher education due to many reasonsRead MoreComing of Age in Alice Munro’s Boys and Girls Essay1086 Words   |  5 PagesIn Alice Munro’s â€Å"Boys and Girls,† there is a time line in a young girl’s life when she leaves childhood and its freedoms behind to become a woman. The story depicts hardships in which the protagonist and her younger brother, Laird, experience in order to find their own rite of passage. The main character, who is nameless, faces difficulties and implications on her way to womanhood be cause of gender stereotyping. Initially, she tries to prevent her initiation into womanhood by resisting her parent’s

The Absence of Ex-Offenders in Discussions of Diversity Management

Question: Describe about hiring Ex-Offenders an attempt to minimize the squandering of human capital. Answer: Introduction A number of people get released from prison every year. It is important to look forward to their future after their release. The prisoners who get released from the jail, do they get hired by any employer or do they get absorbed as a full-time worker by any organization? Many of them lived happily after their release with their new life (Bushway Apel, 2012). However, there are also different cases as well. A majority of the number of ex-offenders gets refused and deprived of support from their family and workplace, because of their criminal records. The existence of illegal records creates a reputation in the job market as well as in the society which is difficult to break. These individuals then become incapable to continue their professional work as well as social life. Therefore, it is more likely that they will bounce back to their previous life of criminal activities and again go to jail. They are reversed back to their initial situation within maximum two to three years. An ex-offender who is now the owner of a widely known NGO, has taken up an initiative to promote the ex-offenders to get good jobs and has started arranging job opportunities for them (Varghese, 2013). Presently, a nationally acclaimed specialist is using a unique technique for producing delicious potato pies and pound cakes for the retail shop where the specialist only recruit offenders and ex-offenders. In the study, the effect of hiring ex-offenders in order to protect the loss of human capital has been discussed. According to Verbruggen et al. (2012) the study is solely focused on determining the problems faced by the ex-offenders and the opportunities that can be provided for them, so that, they can live a better life after getting released from the jail. Statement of the Problem Offering jobs to the ex-offenders in order to reduce the decaying effects on the human capital is the matter of grave concern to the stake holders and the leaders as well (Nally et al., 2014). A reputed pack of well efficient professional personnel from reputed companies are always in search of competent and efficient workers who will be able to substantiate the needs and responsibilities of the company. A cluster of guidebooks and a group of researchers have emphasized on the cultural, sexual, sociological, and age distributional biases at the workplace. The socioeconomic connection of the ex-offenders in accordance with the current industrial structure will help the country to prevent a substantial loss of the human capital. Therefore, the problem before the researcher is to provide support and strength to the ex-offenders so as to alleviate the problem of human capital loss (Verbruggen et al., 2012). Purpose of the Study The broad purpose of the study is to establish a proper understanding of the advantage of hiring the ex-offenders in order to reduce the loss of human capital. The paper is dedicated to make people aware about using the non-utilized resourceful section of the society. The stakeholders are always careful about recruiting and retaining an efficient workforce, just because an efficient workforce alone can improve the performance of an organization. Therefore, according to Van Schellen et al. (2012) recruiting the ex-offenders who have the minimal record of criminal activities and also who possess the set of skills as per the requirement of the recruiter will be seen as a benchmark. This will also help to reduce the repetitive behavior that the ex-offenders receive as well as add a social value (Van Schellen et al., 2012). Research Questions The research questions that arise while conducting the study are stated below, What are the reasons for not recruiting people with past criminal records? What are the determining factors that put a limit on the hiring and salary of the ex-offenders? What are the main mediums from which the organization may get to know about the background of the ex-offenders? Brief Review of the Literature Inside the prisons, there is always a negative impact on the security, daily administration and the protection. However, in the daily life, this can be considered as a major factor impacting severely. According to Verbruggen et al. (2012) this is a major concern as the persons serving the punishment in jails or prisons in other ways may be destroying the human capital. Therefore, a proper audit and investigation about the efficiency and skills of the prisoners are needed so as to evaluate their contribution to the human capital. Prison is not a place where the qualifications, talents and abilities of the individuals properly utilized. However, according to Harwin (2012), the prisoners in USA are usually interviewed by experts when they come to the jail. This is mainly done to determine the skills and abilities of the individuals. This also helps to distinguish the individuals who may require assistance during the prison period for literacy or other skill development (Verbruggen et al., 2012). The process that involves less time is always aimed to set up certain objectives. This can be represented with the help of an example. The example of such an activity is the registration for the literacy class. According to Nally et al. (2014) organizations like these generally provide occupational qualifications like cookery, hairdressing, carpentry and others. Moreover, sometimes the criminals are induced to enroll for the lesson which may in turn develop the skill sets within the individual and help them to get a full-time job after they get released from the prison. Verbruggen et al. (2012) pointed out that if these prisoners get hired after their release the prisoners as well as the hiring organization will contribute to diminishing the decay of human capital. Nally et al. (2014) pointed out that, a problem may arise when an inmate in the jail is over educated in comparison with the expected level of education in jails. The data collection method regarding the service and wages of the ex-offenders is fairly problematic. Most of the public scientists used the review of a character in order to learn the industrial market; they did not characterize previous criminal records as a query. Again in some researches even if they did so, the responses received on those queries are purely unrealistic. The prisoners are often rejected by the employers because of their poor educational qualification (Fitzgerald et al., 2013). The ex-convicts in the United States of America have undergone a process of criminal justice system; this deprives them of the easily accessible higher educational facilities for the interested persons. According to Jason et al. (2015), the reason for the failure of education system within the prison may be due to the lack of presence of efficient teaching personnel or due to overcrowding. However, Blessett and Pryor (2013), states that if the ex-offenders are amalgamated into the society after their release, they may be sometime become productive and may add value to the society. Despite this fact, Lageson and Uggen (2013) argues that before incorporating these persons in the society or in the workforce, it should be investigated what was the previous record of the person and how was the behavior of the person in jail. It should also be taken into account the skills and abilities of the individual. Otherwise, it may be dangerous for the society. There are several initiatives and works going on in this regard to incorporate these persons in the society so as to alleviate the problems of decaying of human capital. Verbruggen et al. (2012) pointed out that a large number of social scientists are conducting research in this context so that the companies or organizations can recruit the ex-offenders. It has been seen that most of the ex-offenders are rejected for employment by the companies because of their lack of education. Therefore, there are organizations that are trying to solve these problems by providing educational assistance to the interested students in the prison. Solomon (2012) argues that the employment and salary structures of the ex-convicted persons, if they get employed in a company, are more likely to be biased. This is mainly because of their lesser exposure in the working environment and the lesser experience of work (Verbruggen et al., 2012). The organizations mainly take the advantages of these. However acc ording to Van Schellen et al., (2012) a evaluation report of jail inmates should be designed. During the time of release of an inmate on the basis of his performance in jail, if this evaluation report is updated and shared with the main media by which the organizations obtains information about the ex-offenders, then in such a case the concerned organization will also be able to get an idea about the present situation of the person. However, there are many authors, who have gone against this view. According to Sugie (2012), the persons who have served prison years, there is a tendency among them, for instance if they are neglected and receive disapproval from the society, they return to the criminal life again. Theme/Sub-Topic 1: Hiring Ex-Offenders an Attempt to Minimize the Squandering of Human Capital The topic is to determine the effects of hiring the ex-convicts on the companies and thereby reducing the loss of human capital. Human capital is the most important asset to the society, therefore maintaining and nurturing the human capital is a must for the society. Therefore, this paper aims to help the society by increasing awareness about the fact that recruiting the ex-offenders will help to reduce the decay of human capital. This will be in turn a great benefit for the society in near future (Schriro, 2012). Summary To summarize, it can be said that, the erosion of human capital can be stopped by re-employing the ex-offenders. The recruiters or the organizations should look forward to the rehabilitation of the offenders, who have served the prison term and have rectified themselves. Such individuals can be allowed to enter the society with dignity and respect. This will allow reducing the erosion of human capital. Research Method In this chapter the research methodology is described, which will focus on the research, design, research approach, research philosophy, and other criteria of research that are mentioned by the researcher to justify and substantiate the entire research. In this concept paper, an over view of the methodology will be provided in this section. The rationale behind the research is that it is based on the alarming situation of decaying of human capital. Human capital is the most important resource to the society. Therefore, it is an alarming issue that it is decaying day by day (Pijoan, 2014). If the problem of human capital erosion is not addressed immediately, it may affect the society as a whole; therefore, it is an issue to the researcher. Again, as the problem is increasing with the passage of time, it is more important to try to address the problem as soon as possible. The researcher has opted for a qualitative research. The qualitative research is solely based on the data collected via open-ended questions and the data collected has been collected from are primary source. . Based on the data obtained the researcher will perform the data analysis and try to figure out the solution to the research questions. This will help the researcher to obtain effective and efficient results for the research (Moses, 2012). Summary The researcher has well mentioned all the criteria chosen for the concerned topic of research. The basic understanding of the related factors and essential framework of the research has also been underpinned in the study. While conducting the study, the researcher has undertaken an extensive survey of the literature that has enabled the researcher to gain a better insight on the concerned topic. In the light of the knowledge acquired from the literature review the researcher has discussed how the research questions can be answered and how the ex-offenders will be of extreme help if they are considered within the society. On the other hand, the researcher has also focused on the importance of the recruiters without their contribution, the ex-offenders will not able to live a happier life. References Blessett, B., Pryor, M. (2013). The Invisible Job Seeker: The Absence of Ex-Offenders in Discussions of Diversity Management.Public Administration Quarterly, 433-455. Bushway, S. D., Apel, R. (2012). A signaling perspective on employment based reentry programming.Criminology public policy,11(1), 21-50. Fitzgerald, E. L., Chronister, K. M., Forrest, L., Brown, L. (2013). OPTIONS for Preparing Inmates for Community Reentry An Employment Preparation Intervention.The Counseling Psychologist,41(7), 990-1010 Harwin, A. (2012). VII Challenges to Employment Discrimination Against Minority Men With Criminal Records.Berkeley J. Afr.-Am. L. Pol'y,14, 2-65 Jason, L. A., Olson, B. D., Harvey, R. (2015). Evaluating alternative aftercare models for ex-offenders.Journal of drug issues,45(1), 53-68 Lageson, S., Uggen, C. (2013). How work affects crimeand crime affects workover the life course. InHandbook of life-course criminology(pp., 201-212). Springer New York. Moses, M. C. (2012). Ex-offender job placement programs do not reduce recidivism.Corrections Today,74(4), 106-108. Nally, J. M., Lockwood, S., Ho, T., Knutson, K. (2014). Post-release recidivism and employment among different types of released offenders: A 5-year follow-up study in the United States.International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences,9(1), 16 Newell, W. (2013). Legacy of Nixon, Reagan, and Horton: How the Tough on Crime Movement Enabled a New Regime of Race-Influenced Employment Discrimination, The.Berkeley J. Afr.-Am. L. Pol'y,15, 3. Pijoan, E. L. (2014). Legal protections against criminal background checks in Europe.Punishment Society,16(1), 50-73. Schriro, D. (2012). Good Science, Good Sense: Making Meaningful Change HappenA Practitioner's Perspective.Criminology Public Policy,11(1), 101-110. Solomon, A. L. (2012). In search of a job: Criminal records as barriers to employment.NIJ Journal,270, 42-51 Sugie, N. F. (2012). Punishment and welfare: Paternal incarceration and families' receipt of public assistance.Social Forces, sos055 Van Schellen, M., Apel, R., Nieuwbeerta, P. (2012). Because Youre Mine, I Walk the Line? Marriage, Spousal Criminality, and Criminal Offending Over the Life Course.Journal of quantitative criminology,28(4), 701-723. Varghese, F. P. (2013). Vocational Interventions with Offenders Interdisciplinary Research, Theory, and Integration.The Counseling Psychologist,41(7), 1011-1039 Verbruggen, J., Blokland, A. A., van der Geest, V. R. (2012). Effects of employment and unemployment on serious offending in a high-risk sample of men and women from ages 18 to 32 in the Netherlands.British Journal of Criminology,52(5), 845-869.