How to Write a Finance Essay Writing Tips - Bestessay4u

Most students know that writing about finance and business can be a challenging task. There are certain requirements and technical words that only people who are familiar with the field can understand. You may be assigned to write a finance article for work or for school, and may not be sure how to get started. The first critical consideration is determining why you are writing and who you are writing for. This will help you adopt the appropriate tone and employ the right level of technicality. Here are other tips to get you started on your project. Firstly, What Is a Finance Essay? Before we delve into a discussion of the intricacies involved in this type of writing, we should begin with a definition. Here a finance essay is a concise and coherent piece of writing about an issue in the field of finance. This type of assignment is often issued as part of students’ coursework, with the goal of helping the instructor determine the readiness level of students to understand and discuss issues relating to finance in the business world. Some Tips on How to Write a Good Finance Essay For those who find writing a finance essay particularly challenging, here are some useful tips. First, learn from samples. There is no better way to improve your writing by looking at practical examples. From them, you can learn how to draft your paper, including such technicalities as citation and formatting. Of course, there are many places where you can get samples, although the quality and integrity of the papers will vary. The best place to find well-researched and meticulously written finance essay samples is a top academic writing company like ours. We also recommend using the five-paragraph essay approach when writing your paper. Keep to the stipulated word count, making sure that your writing is short and simple. Most importantly, revise your final draft before submission. As you write your finance paper, make sure that you demonstrate an understanding of your audience. The person or people targeted by your essay will form the basis of the tone and language you use. In most pieces of academic work, the instructor is the audience. A good paper also shows a clear purpose. Are you writing to argue, inform, or recommend? This can only become clear if you have read and understood the assignment prompt. You should also: Understand the conventions needed for the type of assignment; Tailor your writing to the audience and the purpose of the paper; Use graphics effectively; Ethically and accurately document information. Here’s How to Start a Finance Essay For most students, the most challenging step is getting started. You may have read somewhere that free writing is the strategy to use for beating the writer’s block. While we do not dispute this advice, we must reiterate the importance of writing according to a plan. If you plan out your work and prepare an outline, beginning your essay should not be challenging. Start your writing process by selecting or creating an informative topic. Of course, there are times when a topic will be assigned by your instructor. Other times you may be given free rein to choose your own. In such a case, carry out preliminary research, ensuring that your topic is interesting and that there are enough sources to address it satisfactorily. The next important aspect of getting started with your paper is brainstorming. This is where you note down anything that comes to mind relating to the topic. The ideas you write in this step will eventually form the backbone of your outline. Once you have an outline, make sure to research evidence and information to back your points. Additional Tips on How to Structure a Finance Essay While the content of your finance paper is important, of equal significance is the way the text is organized. A good writer knows how to plan the order of developing of his or her ideas. A good structure enhances readability and coherence. The general finance essay structure recommended by our top professionals is the three-part format, which comprises a catchy introduction, a well-analyzed body, and a concise conclusion. Writing a Finance Essay Introduction The introduction is the very first part of your paper that readers actually encounter. It could determine whether your instructor chooses to read the rest of the text and the attitude with which he or she approaches the body. A good introduction starts with a catchy hook before proceeding to some background information. The final sentence or two of this section should be dedicated to a concise and arguable core statement, which sets the pace for the rest of the paper. We recommend writing the introduction after you are finished with the body of the essay. Drafting a Good Finance Essay Body The next important part of the finance paper is the body. This is where you systematically organize your ideas and present the evidence to back your thesis statement. Dedicate each paragraph to only one good idea, backing it up with good analysis and verifiable evidence. In any form of finance paper, writers are required to move beyond simple summaries of information to evaluate and analyze data or scenarios. In your analysis, head towards a well-thought-out conclusion or recommendations. Make sure that you are able to distinguish between the evidence and your opinion. Writing a Concise Finance Essay Conclusion The final part of your paper is the conclusion, where you are expected to bring closure to the analysis. Wrap up things in a nice way by revisiting the thesis statement and highlighting how the evidence and data work towards proving your central claim. Do not introduce any new material in conclusion. In retrospect, the tips highlighted here are meant to help you complete stellar finance essays. However, even with these guidelines, there may still be limitations like lack of enough time and language barriers that may impede your ability to complete a quality paper. Don’t stress yourself. You can easily order a custom paper from our experienced and competent service. Go Ahead! Order an Outstanding Paper Here Don’t stress over your assignment. If you need urgent assistance with your finance paper or any other type of academic writing, you are in the right place. Place your order here and let experienced masters and Ph.D. experts help with your project. Get professional essay help right now!

The application of systems theory Essay Example

The application of systems theory Essay Example The application of systems theory Essay The application of systems theory Essay The Application Of Systems Theory To a Case Study Introduction The undermentioned instance survey will detail an intercession with a 32-year old service user who was referred with a scope of showing issues and demands. It was evident that a complex array of household, societal and bureau webs existed, bespeaking that the focal point of any intercession would ask the addressing of these assorted constituents and their function in the service user’s operation. It was decided that using systems theory would be the most efficacious attack in pull offing the service user’s demands. General systems theory was foremost proposed by von Bertalanffy ( 1968 ) as a cosmopolitan theory of the administration of parts into wholes. A system was defined as â€Å"a composite of interacting elements† . Although this paradigm was ab initio applied to the physical universe ( mathematics, biochemistry, etc ) , it was adopted by the curative community in order to explicate an apprehension of systems consisting persons and administrations. Some of the thoughts and constructs systems theory has brought to the field include: Families and other societal groups are systems holding belongingss which are more than the amount of the belongingss of their parts. Every system has a boundary, the belongingss of which are of import in understanding how the system works. Changes within systems can happen, or be stimulated, in assorted ways. Communication and feedback mechanisms between the parts of a system are of import in the operation of the system. Events such as the behavior of persons in a household are better understood as illustrations of round causality, instead than as being based on additive causality. Systems are made up of subsystems ( e.g. parental, matrimonial, siblings ) which are themselves parts of larger suprasystems ( e.g. extended household, the vicinity, infirmary ) . ( Beckett, 1973 ) . The service user was a 32-year old male of Afro-Caribbean beginnings, with a diagnosing of schizoaffective upset dating back to his early teens. He had been shacking in a semi-secure forensic unit for more than two old ages and was detained under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act. In footings of household history, he had been conceived through colza and fostered by distant relations in Trinidad. Upon the decease of his Foster female parent, his natural female parent arranged for him to go forth Trinidad and enter the UK. Shortly after this, he became involved with the mental wellness system and the condemnable justness system. Subsequently, his female parent had refused all contact with him and would non prosecute with any of his attention. The exclusive household contact had been his maternal grandma. A genogram is a utile adjunct within appraisal and intervention when using systems theory ( e.g. Guerin and Pendagast, 1976 ) , in that it gives a concise in writing sum-up of the composing of the systems environing an person. A genogram picturing DE’s peculiar systems was prepared and is illustrated in Figure 1. Within the genogram, DE’s familial relationships are illustrated, demoing the bing subsystem with his maternal grandma. Other subsystems include, DE’s relationships with the condemnable justness system, mental wellness services and with myself, his societal worker. With respect to utilizing systems theory in my appraisal and intercession of DE, this would embrace developing a hypothesis refering the nature of the relationships DE has with facets of his system and how this impacts upon his operation. In add-on, round inquiring would be employed to prove this hypothesis and promote alteration ( e.g. Selvini Palazzoli, Cechin, Prata and Boscolo, 1980a ) . Each of DE’s showing demands will be explored within the context of his wider system and the methodological analysis built-in to systems theory employed in my intercession. Figure 1: A genogram of DE’s instance. The Referral DE was a statutory referral which was accompanied by a challenge from his legal representatives to the local authorization, claiming that they had failed in their responsibilities towards DE as he was medically fit for discharge and did non necessitate to be detained under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act. Although discharge from Section 3 was agreed, no programs were presented to the mental wellness court by the local authorization sing the agreement of appropriate adjustment. From the position of the societal worker, programs were hence required to implement Section 117 and organize appropriate after attention and adjustment. In order to make this, it was necessary to place DE’s wants and penchants every bit far as possible, in add-on to pull offing any hazard perceived by the multidisciplinary squad and the mental wellness court. A transportation CPA to the community squad was organised in order to keep DE in the community and ease his recovery. Adhering to the impression of â€Å"goodness of fit† , built-in to systems theory ( Payne, 2002 ) , that is heightening the lucifer between the person and their environment, ways of developing, keeping or beef uping supportive intercessions and cut downing, disputing or replacing nerve-racking systems were explored. Appraisal An appraisal of DE’s showing demands was conducted in order to explicate a hypothesis based upon the information available which would so supply a starting point and usher to subsequent intercessions. Harmonizing to Selvini Palazzoli et Al. ( 1980a ) , a hypothesis is â€Å"neither true, nor false, but more or less useful† . Therefore, it was of import to keep this stance when sing the fortunes environing DE’s instance. By seeking information from DE and others within his system, I was able to obtain as many positions as possible and concept an apprehension, or narrative, as to how he had come to be â€Å"stuck† and enable him to travel in a more helpful way. Both DE and the multidisciplinary squad involved in his attention agreed that he required 24 hr residential attention, as old supported adjustment had non been able to ease his demands and he had relapsed, taking to his admittance to hospital under subdivision. Extra presenting concerns reported by DE included an impoverished household support web and hapless fundss. Drug and intoxicant abuse were besides apparent, acknowledged by DE and verified by a positive trial for cocaine. DE’s keyworker recounted how DE often disengaged with him and displayed disputing behavior, including interrupting regulations of the attention place and absconding. Indexs of backsliding described by staff included a preoccupation with insect infestation, psychotic beliefs of the devil attacking him and homophobic frights of male staff sexually assailing him. In add-on, non-compliance with his attention program was recognised as a precursor to get worse. Using round inquiries to deduce new information about DE’s state of affairs and the interconnection of the system’s constituents, a form emerged which suggested possible indexs of backsliding. A chief characteristic of disk shape is the capacity of the healer to see feedback from the systems involved and to ask for each portion of the system to associate their positions of other subsystems, thereby metacommunicating ( Selvini Palazzoli et Al. 1980a ; Byng-Hall, 1988 ; Cecchin, 1987 ) . Further important rules of disk shape are inquiring about specific behaviors that occur, instead than feelings or readings and ranking behaviors in order to foreground differences ( Barker, 1998 ; Dallos and Draper, 2000 ) . So, for illustration, DE’s keyworker was asked: â€Å"what does DE make when he breaks the regulations in the house† , â€Å"when you believe DE is get worsing, how do you cognize? What does he state or make? † , â€Å"who is most disquieted abou t DE utilizing drugs/alcohol? † . Similarly, DE was asked such inquiries as: â€Å"when you abscond from the attention place, who is most concerned? †¦ and so who? † , â€Å"when you are disquieted about the Satan assailing you, what make you make? † , â€Å"what would your keyworker say was most of import for you to acquire sorted out? † . A specific usage of round inquiring is to specify the job ( Bentovim and Bingley Miller, 2002 ) . Hence, members of DE’s system, including his cardinal worker, other multidisciplinary squad workers, available household members and DE himself were questioned as to â€Å"what is the job? What do you believe DE/keyworker/etc would state is the job? Who agrees with DE? Who disagrees? Who is it most a job for? † etc. Such information served to enrich the hypothesis that was being formulated of DE’s demands. Over clip, a systemic hypothesis evolved which incorporated the function of impaired household operation and an early sense of forsaking by DE’s natural female parent combined with the loss of his secondary, surrogate female parent lending to the development of a schizoaffective upset. A farther contributing factor may hold been DE’s move to the UK following his mourning and the sense of confusion and disaffection this may hold instilled. A preexistent exposure to his mental wellness jobs may hold been activated by DE’s usage of drugs and intoxicant, perchance his get bying mechanism to pull off the antecedently described stressors. In footings of DE’s behavior within his attention place, it would be of import to see physiological factors many of the concerns reported. The literature associated with schizoaffective upsets has suggested that the oncoming of the unwellness can bring forth cognitive shortages, including memory damage, planning, societal opinion and penetration ( Randolph, Goldberg and Weinberger, in Heilman A ; Valenstein, 1993 ; James and Murray, 1991 ) . These shortages, combined with the deficiency of household support and implicit in psychological issues, could hold resulted in the issues with conformity and rule-breaking reported by the professionals involved in DE’s attention. However, within a systemic attack, it is of import to see the dynamic interplay between the person and the assorted constituents of their system when gestating the job. In DE’s instance, it appeared that the effects of his drug and intoxicant usage and of rejection issues had non been to the full considered by staff at the attention place and hence the effects of these had been able to intensify into backsliding. Furthermore, it may hold been that an over-critical attitude towards DE prevailed within his attention place, as has been described in the construct of expressed emotion ( Leff, 1994 ) . This has by and large been reported as bing within the households of those with schizoaffective upsets and is thought to stand for shortages in communicating and overinvolvement. The map of the job is besides a critical component within a systemic preparation ( Reder and Fredman, 1996 ; Bilson and Ross, 1999 ) and in DE’s instance his showing issues appeared to stand for both a communicating of internal struggles ( loss, forsaking, etc ) and as a solution to the job perceived by him as inappropriate adjustment. Therefore, his behavior could be conceptualised as an effort to decide both internal and external discordance. However, clearly DE’s perceived solution merely served to intensify and keep the indispensable trouble, that of his deficiency of battle with aid and riotous behavior. Intervention There were assorted strands to my intercession with DE, within which I attempted to turn to the issues outlined in the above hypotheses. Initially, the issue of adjustment was addressed. In harmony with a systemic attack, DE’s needs and penchants, every bit good as sentiments derived from members of the multi-disciplinary squad, were matched with available adjustment. Three suited arrangements were identified which were attendant with the demands identified in DE’s attention program, that is: 24 hr residential adjustment with staff to oversee his medicine, promote independent life accomplishments and supervise his activities and behavior to place relapse indexs. DE’s sentiments on the three possible arrangements were sought and a determination reached on the most suited. In position of DE’s history of deficiency of battle with keyworkers, it was felt that regular meetings with his attention co-ordinator would be critical in researching his concerns and pos sible barriers to compliance with his attention program. The usage of round inquiring could be usefully extended in such meetings, in reframing DE’s perceptual experience of his concerns and enabling him to recognizing the effects of his behavior on himself and others. Specific facets of DE’s showing jobs were managed by referral to allow bureaus, therefore widening his system of support. For the substance abuse reported he was referred to a drug and intoxicant worker. A referral to psychological services was made to turn to his rejection and mourning issues. The engagement of DE’s grandma and uncle was besides an built-in portion of discoursing his troubles and it was postulated that at some point in the hereafter, systemic household therapy might be helpful in supplying some coherence to DE’s household construction and enabling communicating with this portion of his system. Once the initial concerns had been addressed, my function turned towards attention direction and a sensible monetary value for the adjustment was negotiated, along with the development of a comprehensive attention program which was presented to the agency’s support panel. The support was agreed and a discharge and transportation of attention CPA was arranged. Throughout the resulting treatments of programs, DE’s sentiments were sought. In order to outdo run into the demands identified and guarantee an optimum rehabilitation programme, DE’s attention program incorporated twenty-four hours attention activities, psychological and community forensic input. In conformity with the rules of a systems intercession, a non-judgemental stance was maintained throughout ( Goldenberg and Goldenberg, 2004 ) and the impression of partnership was promoted ( Dallos and Draper, 2000 ) . Additionally, the scheme of facilitating sustained alteration whilst non being an expert about the system was adopted ( Fleurida, 1986 ) , although this presented certain challenges as will be discussed in the undermentioned subdivisions. In footings of implementing DE’s arrangement, it was agreed that a gradual transportation which allowed him to set to the new scene would better his chances for rehabilitation. Therefore, nightlong corsets and extended corsets for a hebdomad prior to dispatch were arranged. Initially, troubles were experienced with DE’s conformity with some house regulations and I arranged a meeting with DE and the house director in order to discourse and negociate these in order to forestall a dislocation of the arrangement. Once more, round inquiries were used to clarify the job and place possible paths for alteration. For illustration, DE was asked, â€Å"when you don’t follow with this regulation, who is most disquieted? † and â€Å"what prevents you lodging to the regulations? † . The house director was asked inquiries such as, â€Å"What does DE make alternatively of lodging to the regulations? † and â€Å"what grounds do you believe he has for non fol lowing? † . Consequently, specific barriers and obstructions were identified and it was possible to negociate a manner in which DE could asseverate his individualism within the arrangement scene, whilst acting in ways which were acceptable to staff and other occupants. Therefore, the â€Å"fit† between DE and this peculiar system was enhanced. Review and Ending During my work with DE a dynamic, unstable hypothesis was formed which was based on systemic rules, in that it was round, addressed relationships, was expressed in footings of what people do and believe instead than what they are and included all members of the system ( Reder, 1983 ) . The hypothesis was continually monitored and reframed during the intercession stage, which facilitated alteration and enabled new positions and solutions to be considered. Other parts of DE’s system were besides modified by presenting round inquiries as they allowed the assorted professionals and bureaus involved to see how helpful or unhelpful the schemes they employed to pull off the exigencies of DE’s instance were and to derive different positions. It is of import to observe that this attack is distinguishable from simply supplying direction or information, in that it facilitates alteration through the procedure of thought and logical thinking. The initial focal point of intercession – to supply appropriate adjustment – was successfully completed. This was rendered smoother by the gradual passage to his new scene. By the terminal of the intercession, I believe that DE was able to prosecute in a more utile manner with the assorted constituents of his system and was more settled in his arrangement as a consequence. Reports from the house director and other professionals besides indicated that this was the instance. Referrals to other bureaus ( psychological science and drug and intoxicant services ) which comprised a critical constituent of the intercession, enabled an enlargement of DE’s systems and the meeting of antecedently inconsiderate demands. His advancement with these bureaus was ongoing. DE’s battle with community forensic services was valuable in deriving farther positions into his attention. Discussion Within systems theory, the inquiries themselves form a significant portion of the intercession ( Tomm, 1988 ) , as they are believed to take towards a constructive alteration in the debatable experiences and behaviors of service users. In add-on, inquiries constitute a much stronger invitation for users to go engaged in a conversation and procedure than make statements, instructions of information and provides stimulation to believe through jobs entirely, therefore advancing liberty and a sense of personal accomplishment ( Payne, 2002 ) . In continually seeking the positions of DE and positions from other parts of his system, it was possible to make a clearer image of the features of the job and to further a sense of ownership on the portion of DE. That is, because he felt portion of the procedure of alteration, he would be more likely to experience comfy with its parametric quantities. A farther portion of advancing DE’s conformity with his attention program was to utilize positive intension, another of import rule of systems theory ( O’Brian and Bruggen, 1985 ) . Positively implying DE’s behavior consisted non merely in reenforcing and praising his efforts to alter, but besides in admiting that his job behavior was functioning to show his dissatisfaction with the state of affairs he was in. An of import facet of intercession therefore was to pass on an apprehension of how things had come to be the manner they were. Merely through making this was it possible to dispute the bing belief system, pro posing new and different definitions of relationships. Therefore, by admiting the hurting of DE’s forsaking by his female parent with a referral to a psychologist, it enabled him to research a different manner of interacting with this portion of his system. Similarly, by sing the function of drugs and intoxicant in interceding his hurt and enabling him to get by with his state of affairs, other agencies of get bying were explored. The usage of systems theory was congruous with mental wellness policy counsel for CPA in that it was individual focussed, involved all relevant bureaus and required a acknowledgment of demands in order to ease the motion of service users through CPA. The designation of unmet demands in DE’s instance, every bit good as affecting multiple bureaus was important in pull offing his attention efficaciously. As DE was on enhanced CPA, it was of import to see multiple attention demands and to recognize that he was more likely to withdraw with attention. Once more, a holistic appraisal and a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary, multi-agency program which encapsulated his wider system was necessary. Systems theory requires strategic believing about the possibilities and restrictions for alteration in the different systems impacting the user’s environment, every bit good as an apprehension of the possibilities for intercession in each system ( deShazer, 1982 ; Penn, 1982 ) , hence sing DE’s behavior in specific scenes and with specific persons and bureaus was a utile scheme. In add-on, possessing an apprehension of the possibilities for intercession within each system enabled me to believe creatively about different classs of action and possible results ( Byng_Hall, 1988 ) . Review and Evaluation In general, systems theory was a utile tool in working with DE, in that its rules guided many facets of the appraisal and intercession towards a good result. The basic dogmas of systems theory, of being respectful of all positions and trying to authorise the service user to implement alteration, are congruous with the CPA theoretical account of working. However, the rule of keeping neutrality ( i.e. hammering an alliance with all parts of the system ) and a non-judgemental, non adept stance ( Selvini Palazzoli et Al. 1980a ; Fleurida, 1986 ) proved to be more ambitious. As DE’s attention co-ordinator it could be expected that a greater confederation would be formed with him and besides that I would possess, in this function, information and cognition pertaining to a assortment of issues, such as fiscal aid available to him. Clearly in this instance, I was unable to keep a non-expert stance. Furthermore, being non-judgemental in relation to all DE’s showing demands ( for illustration, his drug and intoxicant abuse ) was really hard and whilst my attack could embrace the development of a shared apprehension of this behavior, finally the negative impact on DE’s mental wellness and stableness of his arrangement would necessitate to be acknowledged. Therefore, it could be said that there was a apposition between CPA attention direction and utilizing systems theory. However, it was possible to divide the two facets of my function with DE and use systems theory consequently. In footings of what I would make otherwise, I believe that a greater engagement of DE’s household would hold been good in order to help him in building a different narrative or narrative around his history, which would hold enriched his and possibly others’ apprehension of why jobs were showing themselves. Using systems theory to a service user such as DE, who may hold the cognitive shortages antecedently described, raises some of import ethical issues. First, sing the ability to give consent to such an attack being employed and to the seeking of positions from other parts of the system, such as household members and other workers. The potentially harmful influence of labels has been described in the literature of systems theory ( e.g. Benson, Long and Sporakowski ) , nevertheless the usage of labels such as â€Å"schizoaffective† and â€Å"enhanced CPA† would look ineluctable when working within a multidisciplinary squad which necessitates pass oning with tantamount linguistic communication. However, the usage of systems theory creates infinite for believing about the significance and impact of these labels and is, hence, at the really least a valuable and functional adjunct to the repertory of schemes for pull offing complex instances. Summary and Conclusion The work carried out with DE attempted to exemplify how persons function as a portion of many systems – they are affected by these systems and they, in bend, affect the systems. I believe that the round nature of DE’s showing issues and demands was highlighted efficaciously and the intercession took into consideration this dynamic interchange and the effects that alterations in one portion of a system will hold for other parts. Basically, I have learned that many jobs arise due to a mismatch between persons and the systems of which they are a portion and the function of a societal worker is to heighten the tantrum between the person and the systems impacting them. Mentions Barker, P. , 1998.Basic Family Therapy, 4ThursdayEdition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Beckett, J.A. , 1973. General Systems theory, psychopathology and psychotherapeutics.International Journal of Group Psychotherapy,23, pp. 292-305. Benson, M.J ; Long, J.K. and Sporakowski, M.J. , 1992. Teaching abnormal psychology and the DSM-III R from a household systems therapy perspective.Family Relationss,41( 2 ) , pp. 135-140. Bentovim, A. and Bingley Miller, L. , 2002.The Assessment of Family Competence, Strengths and Troubles. London: Pavillion. Bertalanffy, L. von, 1968.General Systems Theory: Foundations, Development, Application.New York: Braziller. Bilson, A. and Ross, S. , 1999. A history of systems thoughts in societal work. In,Social Work Management and Practice. London: Jessica Kingsley, 2neodymiumEdition. Byng-Hall, J. , 1988. Scripts and fables in households and household therapy.Family Procedure,27, pp. 167-179. Cecchin, G. , 1987. Speculating, disk shape and neutrality revisited: an invitation to wonder.Family Procedure,26, pp. 405-413. Dallos, R. and Draper, R. , 2000.An Introduction to Family Therapy. Buckingham: Open University Press. de Shazer, I. , 1982.Forms of Brief Family Therapy: An Ecosystemic Approach. New York: Guildford Press. Fleurida, C. et al. , 1986. The development of round inquiries.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,12( 2 ) , pp. 112-127. Goldenberg, I. and Goldenberg, H. , 2004.Family Therapy:An Overview,6ThursdayEdition. London: Brooks/Cole. Guerin, P.J. and Pendagast, E.G. , 1976. Evaluation of household system and genogram. In, P.J. Guerin, erectile dysfunction.Family Therapy. New York: Gardner Press. James, P. and Murray, R.M. , 1991. The genetic sciences of schizophrenic disorder is the genetic sciences of neurodevelopment.British Journal of Psychiatry,158, pp. 615-623. Leff, J. , 1994. Working with the households of schizophrenic patients.British Journal of Psychiatry,164( suppl. 23 ) , pp. 71-76. O’Brian, C. and Bruggen, P. , 1985. Our personal and professional lives: larning positive intension and round inquiring.Family Prcess,24, pp. 311-322. Payne, M. , 2002. Systems and Ecological Perspectives. In,Modern Social Work Theory, 3rdEdition. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Penn, P. , 1982. Round inquiring.Family Procedure,21, pp. 267-280. Randolph, C. , Goldberg, T.E. and Weinberger, D.R. , 1993. The physiological psychology of schizophrenic disorder. In, K.M. Heilman and E. Valenstein, eds.Clinical Physiological psychology, 3rdEdition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reder, P. , 1983. Disorganised households and the assisting professions: â€Å"Who’s in charge of what? † .Journal of Family Therapy,5, pp. 23-36. Reder, P. and Fredman, G. , 1996. The relationship to assist: interacting beliefs about the intervention procedure.Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry,1( 3 ) , pp. 457-467. Selvini Palazzoli, M.S. , Cechin, G. , Prata, G. and Boscolo, L. , 1980a. Hypothesising-Circularity-Neutrality. Three guidelines for the music director of the session.Family Procedure,19( 1 ) , pp. 3-12. Selvini Palazzoli, M. , Boscolo, L. , Cecchin, G. and Prata, G. , 1980b. The job of the mentioning individual.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,6, pp. 3-9. Tomm, K. , 1988. Interventive interviewing: portion III. Intending to inquire lineal, round, strategic or automatic inquiries.Family Procedure,27, pp. 1-15. Brooding Diary Analysis I applied the theory of depth psychology to the pattern state of affairs in order to research implicit in issues which had made ME so dependent upon her spouse, JM. This appeared appropriate as it would supply an chance to derive information about any past experiences which had contributed to her present province, in peculiar, the nature and beginning of her anxiousnesss and frights. Uncovering this information would so inform my pattern with ME and JM and supply construction to any intercession. The overall intent of depth psychology derives from the Freudian premise that abnormal psychology develops when people remain incognizant of their true motives and frights and they can be restored to healthy working merely by going witting of what has been repressed ( Bower, 2005 ) . Freud believed that the unconscious struggles he uncovered – in dreams, in memory oversights, in neurotic symptoms – ever referred to certain critical events in the individual’s early life. His observations of his patients led him to reason that all human existences experience a mostly similar sequence of important emotional events in their early lives and that it is this childhood past that shapes their present ( Freud, 1905 ) . Although Freud cautioned against the usage of depth psychology in schizophrenic disorder, as he believed that sick persons of schizophrenic disorder had regressed to a province of â€Å"primary narcissism† , a stage early in the unwritten phase before the self-importance has differentiated from the Idaho ( Freud, 1905 ) , more modern-day psychoanalysts have adopted a different attack. Primarily followings of Melanie Klein, they have taken the place that the schizophrenic place, or dividing between â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† objects, was a normal phase of development and that schizophrenic disorder was the late effect of non negociating this phase decently ( Salzberger-Wittenberg, 1970 ) . Therefore, the flow of unconscious stuff ( e.g. psychotic beliefs, hallucinations and thought upset ) were actively encouraged, explored and participated in. In ME’s instance, a preparation of her presenting issues included the function of specific anxiousnesss and frights. Anxiety has been conceptualised psychodynamically as a province of weakness and â€Å"psychic pain† , which consequences from the sensed disagreements between one’s ideal ego ( or ego ideal ) and one’s existent ego ( Freud, 1926, cited in Brown and Pedder, 1991 ) . These painful disagreements can non so be easy assimilated into our witting position of ourselves and the universe because of the anxiousness they arouse and the effect is a â€Å"defence mechanism† activated to repress this psychic hurting. Using open-ended inquiries with ME, such as â€Å"how are you experiencing? † and leting her to react freely revealed a small of her province of head, Internet Explorer. â€Å"very low, ever tired and really sad† . It was interesting to observe ME’s spouse, JM’s, account of ME’s low temper, â€Å"the weather† , a topic he had mentioned at the beginning of the brush. This may bespeak an effort to avoid, or support against, speech production of hard issues and moreover, may stand for his ain header scheme. Further inquiries to arouse ME’s emotional province included â€Å"has it made a difference? † ( sing the usage of anti-depressants ) and â€Å"how do you experience about discontinuing smoke? † An built-in rule of depth psychology is the usage of transference and countertransference within any clinical brush ( Casement, 1985 ; Salzberger-Wittenberg, 1970 ) . Transference is the conveyance of past feelings, struggles and beliefs into present relationships and state of affairss, specifically to the curative state of affairs ; whilst countertransference is a reversal of this – the feelings of the analyst towards the service user ( Salzberger-Wittenberg, 1970 ) . For illustration, a manifestation of transference may be the single responding to their healer or carer as they would towards of import figures from their yesteryear, such as in a childlike or hostile mode. Countertransference has been exemplified in instances where down persons project their hopelessness and depair onto their healer, who in bend develops negative attitudes towards their client and the result of therapy. In the brush with ME, it was of import to be cautious that she was non reassigning her anxio usnesss and paranoid thoughts onto any confederation with me and to be cognizant of the possible projection of her broken and dependent thought. My premises sing ME prior to the meeting were that she would be more independent and possess greater verbal accomplishments, given that she was on standard CPA. As she was good supported in the community, I believed that my primary part would be to back up and prolong JM’s function of pull offing ME’s mental wellness. During the class of the meeting, it became apparent that ME relied on JM tremendously and that he often responded to inquiries on her behalf. When ME did answer, her responses were limited and reasonably concrete. In order tosupplement the psychoanalytic theory I was using to an apprehension of ME’s demands, I used motivational inquiring ( â€Å"what about some indoor activities? Like swimming, I remember you stating one time that you liked that and it was fun? ) , positive feedback ( â€Å"you quit smoke late and it’s been 8 hebdomads and that is superb. That took a batch of willpower† ) and some self-disclosure ( â€Å"†I int end on utilizing you as my function theoretical account in seeking to halt smoke myself† ) . Although non purely adhering to rules of depth psychology, it was necessary to accommodate the techniques I was utilizing in response to ME’s showing demands. Following my meeting with ME, I considered the utility of using depth psychology to an person with schizophrenic disorder. Whilst I had considered the ethical issue of non doing premises about the manifestation of symptoms, as different persons display changing features of the unwellness, I acknowledged that a pure psychoanalytic attack may be excessively demanding for ME. Alternatively, facets of the theoretical account, such as understanding the psychodynamic history and assisting the single move towards new nonpsychotic forms of life would be most utile. An attack outlined by Lamb ( 1982 ) , which recommends beef uping self-importance control, giving advice, covering with life’s jobs, presenting experiential topics ( decease, freedom, isolation and nonsense ) and cut downing guilt by â€Å"taking sides against the superego† , may stand for a more balanced position. Basically, I came to appreciate that open-mindedness and flexibleness are valuable pre-requisites when sing any curative stance and the application of specific theories and seting one’s attack to the demands the service user is critical. Mentions Bower, M. ( Ed. ) , 2005.Psychoanalytical Theory for Social Work Practice: Thinking Under Fire. Abingdon: Routledge. Brown, D. and Pedder, J. , 1991.Introduction to Psychotherapy, 2neodymiumEdition. London: Routledge. Casement, P. , 1985.On Learning From the Patient. London: Routledge. Freud, S. , 1905. Three parts to the theory of sex. In, A.A. Brill, ed..The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud.New York: Modern Library, 1938. Lamb, H.R. , 1982.Treating the Mentally Ill. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Salzberger-Wittenberg, I. 1970.Psychoanalytical Insight and Relationships: A Kleinian Approach. London: Routledge.

Outsourcing Information Technology Department Essay - 2

Outsourcing Information Technology Department - Essay Example of associations suppose that IT outsourcing can offer major cost savings.   In addition, the study discovered numerous fundamental concerns in the minds of possible outsourcers.   Over half of respondents pointed out that a defeat of internal knowledge was a major drawback of outsourcing, while another forty-one percent designated that lower service quality was a main concern.   Potentially the most worrying statistic for outsourcing companies is the fact that such concerns were considerably lower merely two years ago when only twenty-three percent pointed out service quality as a major drawback.   While this survey appears to some extent of an outlier statistically, it does agree with the recent inclination seen in many large companies who are getting IT work back in-house.   Such news elevates more questions concerning the sustainability of outsourcing and its long-standing effects on business. The resource essential to hold up the extensive research activities can be described using numerous simple decisive factors. On the other hand, the resource necessitate for the drug product expansion activities is less expected and less able to be planned with accuracy. New compounds can fall short in both early as well as late stage expansion, irrespective of the superiority of the decision-making processes, and as a result there can be important peaks and troughs in the level of resource required over the longer term. The pharmaceutical industry has conventionally favored to uphold a large part of its R&D activities in-house but is now more and more looking to outsourcing as a way of better balancing its internal core groups in addition to providing for better organization of the peak demands for resource. An additional driver for outsourcing is the augmented focus on core competencies do what the business is good at and get others to do what they are good at (Angell, 2004). The obvious barriers to outsourcing drug delivery device development explained earlier can be

Real EstateFinance and Investment Research summary and market report Paper

Real EstateFinance and Investment summary and market report - Research Paper Example This model is quantified using plausible assumptions about rational appraisal behaviour in additional to knowledge of how the appraisal-based indices are constructed. This model can be inverted and applied to reported index returns to recover implied market returns. This alternative Geltner (1993) suggests is useful because the unsecuritized property markets may not be able to produce information on a timely basis and may have returns that can be predicted based on the information gathered from a review of previous research in the area. In accounting for the nature of the appraised-based indices Geltner (1993) indicates that RNI and EAI share a few similarities. However, there are also some differences in their base year; how they carry out their valuation; and the type and geographic location of the properties they value. Geltner (1993) then looks at appraisal smoothing at the disaggregate level. In order to obtain an optimal appraise current market values Geltner (1993) uses what h e describes as a simple Bayesian rule to estimate the property value at each point in time and outlines a â€Å"rational appraisal† model that can be used for that purpose. The model indicates the relationship between property-appraised values and market value. Geltner (1993) also presents a model to define the relationship between the reported index annual return to the underlying market annual return. This Geltner (1993) points out allows for the observation of index returns caused by the three behavioral events previously mentioned. In recovering the underlying market returns from the reported index returns that the closeness of the model the models used in observing behavioral phenomenon was taken as an indication of whether unsecuritized market returns are predictable. Geltner’s (1993) findings are not statistically significant to draw any conclusions. However, the overall impression from the graphs and other statistical data indicates that it may be possible to p redict unsecuritized market returns. Summary Article: Strategies of Focus Opportunity: Trends in Public-Market Commercial Real Estate Penetration from 1998 to 2003 Hess and Liang in their article entitled: â€Å"Strategies of Focus and Opportunity†, which was published in the Pramerica Real Estate Investors Research Report dated August 2004 indicated that during 2003 public real estate investment companies reduced their holdings in apartments and hotel properties in order to benefit from an increase in the demand for those properties. In the mean time they took advantage of the falling values of retail properties while maintaining their holdings in warehouses. This enabled them to strategically position themselves to gain from future increases in the market values for retail properties. Their strategies involved looking at the market for short term gains by buying when prices are at their lowest and selling when prices are approaching their highest point, at a time when inves tors were able to access loans to purchase such properties. These public real estate investment companies, consists of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and Real Estate Operating Companies (REOCs) which must be publicly held and traded on one of the major stock exchanges in the US and Canada. Hess and Liang (2004) points out that in 2002 REITs took advantage of

The Study Of Crime Criminology Essay

The Study Of Crime Criminology Essay /The study of crime is an important aspect in criminology as it helps students understand the concepts applied in criminology. Students learn different concepts in criminology. For example, students learn on sources of crime, how different theories are used to explain crime. Also, students learn how to measure crime. Reflecting what one has learned is important as it helps one apply the knowledge acquired and identify major issues in the area of study. Most students find it hard to reflect on what they have learned. This paper analyzes the concept learned in classes so as to demonstrating understanding. Also, the paper will show how to apply the knowledge gained the society. The thesis statement is reflecting the content learned in class and applying the new knowledge in future. Reflection Measuring crime The chapter focuses on methods of measuring crime and importance of measuring crime. Also, it helps one identify the weaknesses of the methods used to measure crime and how to improve the methods. Measuring crime is important as it helps enhance how police officers investigate crimes. Measuring crime reveals the trends in investigation of crimes. It is important to ensure accuracy when measuring crimes. Accuracy helps implement measures to curb crime effectively. This is because the measures are based on valid and reliable data (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). It is difficulty to measure crime in the society as crime is secretive in nature. The chapter measuring crimes helps one understand methods used to measure crime in the society. There are different methods of measuring crime in the society. According to the chapter, criminologists can use surveys, statistical records and self report survey can be used to measure crime. The methods give different results and are used differently. Most people value statistical measures as they provide accurate information on how to measure crime. The government has authorized criminal justice agencies to store information about crimes (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). The agencies store details of crimes committed in a database then analyze the information using statistical methods. Most people claim that statistical methods provide accurate results unlike other methods like surveys. Victim survey can be used to measure crime in the society. In victim survey, the police officers measure the degree of criminal behavior by focusing on the victim. Victim surveys method does not provide accurate information as victims may fail to report the crime to the police. In addition, the victim of the crime may lie and this leads to wrong results. Some people disagree with the victim survey method because it is likely to give invalid results. Some people argue that counting the victim of crime is not similar to counting people who have committed the crime. This is because people give different views and this interferes with the accuracy of the results. The method does not measure victimless crimes. For example, police officers do not use survey method to measur e victimless crimes like drug abuse. This interferes with the results and police officers end u0p giving wrong results (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). Another method used to measure crime, is personal survey. In personal survey, the criminal is allowed to give information about their violation of the law. Police officers ensure confidentiality and privacy so as to encourage the criminal to give accurate information. The method has some weaknesses as the criminal might lie or give a fake description so as to escape conviction (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). The type of method to be used to measure crime has become a major issue in the society. This is because the current methods used by law enforcement officers to measure crimes are not effective. Some people do not agree on police officers using statistical methods to measure crime. This is because most crimes are not reported to the police and this interferes with the results provided. People in the society experience various types of crimes. Some are major while others are minor. Major crimes like murder are reported to the police and a law enforcement officer might have enough information on major crime happening in the society. Most minor crimes are not reported as the victims in the society consider them to be of less importance. For example, it is difficulty for people in the society to report crimes like snatching. This implies that law enforcement officers do not have adequate information on minor crimes. This interferes with the results released by the police officers. Thus, m ost people do not agree with statistical methods (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). Another issue in the area is accuracy of results and information provided by the criminal. Law enforcement agencies find it difficulty to get accurate information from the criminal. This is because the criminal or the victim might not give correct information. This makes it hard to implement the right measures to curb crime (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). The development of criminology theories and production of research in the field is difficulty. This is because criminologists do not have data that is reliable and valid. This has influenced progress in the area of criminology. Hence, the high rate of crimes in the society. For example, governments and law enforcement officers find it hard to enact measures to curb crime. This is because they do not have enough information (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). Further, it has become difficulty to compare the rate of crime internationally. This is because the society has become diverse and the methods used to carry out research are not effective. The methods used to carry out research are not able to cover various items like gender, race, ethnicity etc. The factors differ from one place to another (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). The chapter has helped me learn how to measure crime and how the methods used to measure crime work. It has also helped me learn the weaknesses of the methods used to measure crime and how to improve the methods. In addition, the chapter has helped me learn the issues that need to be addressed in the area so as to make prevention of crime effective (Maxfield Babbie, 2008) The criminal agencies should find better ways of measuring crime. They should develop a new system that will be used to measure crime. The system should integrate survey methods and statistical methods together so as to overcome the weaknesses of each method and make the results valid and reliable. The knowledge gathered from the chapter will be applied in criminal agencies to design a new system that produces accurate and reliable results (Siegel, 2009).. Economic, social and cultural sources of crime The chapter analyzes the causes of crime. It analyzes how economic factors, social factors and cultural factors contribute to crime. Identifying cause of crime helps the student apply the knowledge learned in class to control crime in the society. The causes of crime include economic factors, social factors and cultural factors. Economic factors are the major causes of crime. This is because of the gap between the poor and rich. Criminologists have linked poverty with crime. They believe that poverty is the major cause of crime in the society. This is because people do not have enough money or material things to cater for their daily needs. Most people in urban areas and rural areas do not have enough income to sustain themselves. This forces young children and adults to adopt behaviors that are against the societal norms. For example, children and adults in slum areas are likely to involve themselves in crime so as to earn their living. Most people have written theories to explain t he causes of crime in the society. They argue that the disparity between the rich and poor has led to increase in crime as people have to find an alternative method to earn their living. The researchers claim that criminals are influenced by economic factors to steal as they want to bridge the gap between the poor and the rich. Thus, economic factors increase the rate of poverty in the society (Siegel, 2009).. There are social sources of crime. Most people agree that social factors contribute to the high rate of crime in the society. This is because family members and peers influence children differently. First, family members can contribute to crime among children. This is because the child spent most time with the parents and family members. In addiction, family actions increase the rate of crime in the society. For example, parental supervision influences young children. Children who do not get parental love and care are likely to indulge in criminal activities. This is because the children are left to move from one place to another. Another social source of crime is harsh punishments. Children who are subjected to harsh punishments are likely to indulge in criminal activities than children who are not subjected to harsh punishments. Harsh punishments create fear in the child and force him to involve in criminal activities. Rejection of the child leads to criminal activities. This is be cause the child does not get proper care and love (Siegel, 2009).. Apart from rejection if the child per pressure contributes to high rate of criminal activities in the society. Most children learn how to commit crime from their friends. Young children are easily influenced by friends who commit major crimes like drug trafficking or killing. Criminologists argue that peer pressure leads to increase in crime rate as the child is not able to avoid the influence from other people. The pressure forces him to commit crime in the society (Siegel, 2009).. There are main issues in the area of sources of crime. First, people differ on the causes of crime in the society. Some think crime is caused by factors like social, economic factors and cultural factors. Others think the factors do not contribute a lot to crime. Most researchers argue that economic factors do not contribute a lot to crime. This is because countries that have good economic growth experience crimes like countries that do not have good economic growth. This implies that other factors work together to cause crime. The researchers claim that reducing the economic gap between the rich and the poor will not reduce the rate of crime in the society. This is because other factors also contribute to high rate of crime in the society. Others argue that social factors and cultural factors cause crime. Social factors like methods of parenting and peer pressure contribute to high rate of crime. The controversy surrounding causes of crime has made it difficulty for criminologist to identify the main causes of crime. This has also affected the efforts to prevent crime in the society (Siegel, 2009). Another issue in the area is the belief held by various people in the society. Criminologists have different views on the sources of crime. Some think criminals are subjected to various factors that force them to commit crime. They argue that criminals are subjected to social factors, economic factors, and cultural factors. Genetic factors also contribute to crime. The difference in opinion has made it hard to control crime in the society. Criminologists do not agree on the causes of crime. One school argues that physical abnormalities contribute to crime while another school emphasizes on environmental, social, economic factors. In order, to prevent crime in the society, the different schools have to agree on the causes of crime (Siegel, 2009). I have learned how social, economic and cultural factors influence people to commit crime. According to the knowledge gathered from the chapter, social, economic and cultural factors have led to increase in crime in the society. This is because people do not understand how the factors influence crime and this has made it hard to prevent crime. In future criminal agencies should identify social, economic and cultural factors and integrate them together to prevent crime. They should educate the society on how to prevent crime by addressing the factors above. The knowledge acquired from the chapter will used to develop new methods of preventing crime that address social, economic and cultural factors so as to prevent crime (Siegel, 2008). Biological and psychological explanation of crime The chapter helps one understand how biological theories and psychological theories are used to explain crime and how they affect prevention of crime. There are various theories that have been developed to explain crime. For example, criminologists and other people have developed theories like biological theories and psychological theories to explain crime. The theories have different views and they influence prevention of crime differently. Advocates supporting biological theories argue that criminals are influenced by biological factors to commit crime. The advocates argue that genetic factors contribute a lot to criminal behavior in the society. According to biological explanation of crime, criminals inherit genetic materials from the parents and the genetic factors force the criminal to commit crime. Criminals have a certain hormones that influence them to commit crime. Psychologists have developed psychological theories to explain crime. They base their argument on the mental di sorders as the major cause of crime. Psychologists believe that people having mental disorders are likely to commit crime than people who do not commit crime. Most people who have been imprisoned have committed crime because of mental disorders. The victims of crime claim that mental disorders influenced them to commit crime (Siegel, 2008). The difference in opinion between the advocates for biological theories and psychological theories has made it difficulty to control crime. It has led to increase in the rate of crime in the society. The controversy has become a major issue as it affects control of crime (Siegel, 2008). From the chapter above, I have learned that several factors should work together for a criminal to commit crime. For example, biological factors and psychological factors force the criminal to commit crime .This has increased my knowledge as I have known what influences criminals to commit crime and why there is high rate of crime in the society (Siegel, 2008). The knowledge gathered from the chapter above will help design new methods to prevent crime in future. The current methods used to prevent crime do not encompass biological explanation and psychological explanation of crime. The methods are only aimed at preventing crime. Criminologists should integrate biological explanation and psychological explanation of crime in the prevention methods. This will make it easy to control crime in the society. Biological factors contribute a lot to criminal behavior and criminologist in future should identify biological factors that cause criminal behaviors so as to prevent crime in the society. Also, criminologists should work together with psychologists to identify psychological causes of crime and identify ways to prevent the factors from influences the person to commit crime. The law enhancement agencies should not be aimed at preventing crime, but they should be aimed at helping people in the society not to commit crime (Siegel, 2008). Conclusion The thesis statement is reflecting the content learned in class and applying the new knowledge in future. The three chapters above have helped me acquire new knowledge. There are various issues identified in the three areas that need to be addressed. First, measuring of crime has become a major issue. This is because the current methods used to measure crime are not effective. The methods do not provide reliable and viable results. Also, accuracy is a major issue when measuring crime as the methods used to measure crime do not ensure accuracy of information collected and results. The chapter has helped me learn how to measure crime, methods used and how to apply them. The cause of crime is a major issue as people differ on the cause of crime. Social, economic and cultural factors are the major causes of crime in the society. The law enforcement agencies should integrate social, economic and cultural causes of crime so as to make prevention of crime effective. Lastly, the biological and cultural explanation of crime has helped me know how crime is related to biological and psychological factors. This will help improve prevention of crime in future. Law enforcement agencies will work on identifying how biological factors and psychological factors influence crime. ÂÂ   ÂÂ  

American Capitalism Essay -- Economics Politics

American Capitalism Capitalism - "An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state." America was an ideal breeding ground for capitalism, a relatively new country, in need of young entrepreneurs to kick start it's already buoyant economy. The country was an ideal place to get rich quick, an idea that inspired the immigrants that poured into it each year. In America it seemed you could turn your rags to riches in no time at all. It's this idea that fueled the American Dream Capitalism was motivated in the 20s by the Republican government. They believed in non-interference or "laissez faire", the policy of letting businesses regulate themselves and to have any caps in how far or how much they go. The government thought that businessmen could work best in a climate made by themselves, not coordinated by the government. Americans believed in rugged individualism, the fact that anyone could make a fortune if they put in enough hard graft. Republicans helped American capitalism prospering by introducing tariff barriers, making it that all goods coming from abroad had to taxed heavily before entering the country, meaning that prices in the USA for those products raised so the foreign companies could still make a profit. When presented with two items of similar quality, one with ultra-inflated prices from England, and one with a cheap price from America, it's likely that a normal person would choose the cheap American home brand product. By doing this Republicans helped the idea of American capitalism to prosper. As well as being the ... ... towering monolith such as this falls, it's going to make a sizable dent. It triggered off the great depression, people lost all their money, all jobs were stopped, property was taken away and life became a nightmare to all involved. Of course, some people survived relatively unscathed, but, as normal, those people were the rich. The whole concept of an American dream could have worked if the country had taken their time, realised that there was no rush, if companies had expanded slowly and if people hadn't been so interested in the stock market. Of course all these problems came from the idea of an American dream and people, being only human, are selfish and want to have more money, and more money is what is offered in a system of capitalism. The American dream soon turned sour and turned into an American nightmare.

My First Real Experience With Biometrics

My first real experience with biometrics occurred when my son purchased a new cell phone nearly two years ago. During the initial setup, he selected an iris scan as his passcode. I was a little surprised by the technology and skeptical of the convenience and security. My first question to him was, â€Å"What if someone needs to get in your phone?†. He quickly replied, â€Å"That is what the security feature is for, so they can't get in. If I want them in it, I'll open it and hand it to them.† He is an active duty Navy sailor. He explained to me that he felt more secure knowing that no one could break into his phone because of this passcode. I observed him over the next two weeks while he was home on leave. Each time he accessed his phone, he simply looked into the screen and instantly he had access. He has shared that when others see that his passcode is an iris scan, they realize they cannot hack into the phone. Most never attempt anything at this point. Those that do are not successful. To this day, he has not had any security issues with his phone. Watching the success and ease at which biometrics worked with a cell phone, I moved to a biometrics passcode when I purchased a new computer earlier this year. My new computer came with FastAccess Facial Recognition. After initial setup which included some training to recognize my face, I no longer had to enter a password or PIN. .There are advanced features that turn off the webcam, enable parental controls, and enable an automatic login feature that make FastAccess safe and user-friendly. When someone else tries to access my computer, access is denied because FastAccess does not recognize them. I've been told for many years that my daughter could pass as my twin, but the computer knows better, it would not unlock for her. Lighting can affect the process, the system does not work in poor lighting conditions. In these cases, I am prompted for a second form of authentication, a PIN or password. Other than this, I have been very pleased with not having to use a password to access my system and knowing my data is secure. Now that I was familiar with biometrics in â€Å"my† environment, I wanted to learn more about biometrics in the area of health information, an area I have worked in for nearly thirty years. According to Whitman and Mattord (2018), biometric access control refers to physiological characteristics used to authenticate identification that has been provided. This control relies on recognition, comparing an actual image to a stored image. Fingerprints, palm prints, hand geometry, facial recognition, retinal prints, and iris patterns are types of biometric authentication technologies. The three characteristics in humans that are generally considered unique are the fingerprints, the retina, and the iris (pp 334-335). Iris recognition provides the highest level of accuracy of all biometric markers. According to Katz, the algorithms used in iris recognition are so accurate â€Å"that the entire planet could be enrolled in an iris database with only a small chance of false acceptance or false rejection† (2002). Concerns in the area of biometrics are â€Å"false negative† and â€Å"false positive†. When an individual has a false negative their identity is registered within the system but for some reason, the system does not recognize them. A false positive is the larger concern. This rating means the individual is not registered within the system, yet the system is recognizing them as another registered user and providing access to them based on that recognition. Facial recognition technology opens the door to many possibilities in healthcare, particularly in the area of health information management. This technology has been widely discussed as part of the national patient identifier initiative. Facial recognition is a preferred technology over other biometric techniques because it does not require direct contact with the patient and it is easily deployed. Some of the uses for facial recognition in the health information management area allows for authentication of proper security clearance for employees to grant or deny access within the EHR to staff without a password or PIN. By authenticating your employee, you are maintaining the confidentiality of the protected information. The same technology can be used to verify or authenticate the identity of a provider when they access controlled substances. Facial recognition is the preferred technology because â€Å"some areas within a hospital zones require clinicians to wear surgical gloves and masks, thereby prohibiting the use of fingerprint authentication† (Callahan, 2017). Another option is a feature where â€Å"a patient's image can bring up their file in the EHR using facial recognition software† (McCleary, 2016). This security feature allows the healthcare provider to compare their patient to the stored patient image. Authenticating the patient allows you to maintain the integrity of your data, minimize medical mistakes and improve patient safety. Additional bonuses will be cost savings by reducing fraud, and improved protection or security of confidential patient heath information. There are yet additional benefits of facial recognition to the medical arena. One benefit is the prevention or reduction of medical identity theft. Medical identity theft occurs when someone uses another individual's information to obtain medical services for personal or financial reasons. If the individual presenting for treatment had to be identified by facial recognition, their identity would be authenticated or denied. This could prevent someone from trying to use your insurance benefits or obtain access to your demographic or financial information. Again, this protects the security of confidential patient data. Facial recognition is also an important authentication feature in the healthcare field to establish the identity of patients, particularly those that are unresponsive. Early identification of these patients in emergency situations within an integrated EHR can give healthcare providers instant health information about medical conditions, medications, and allergies. Facial recognition provides a better alternative for identification than fingerprinting for burn victims those patients who have experienced amputations. Some genetic conditions allow diagnosis via facial recognition according to a study at the National Human Genome Research Institute. One provider of facial recognition software, Nextgate, â€Å"claims to simplify registration, flag fraudulent activity, and eliminate the creation of duplicate records† (McCleary, 2016). We may be able to eliminate duplicate records if this software meets its expectation. Duplicate records are a data quality issue that result in compromised â€Å"patient safety, medical care, data accuracy, and reimbursement† (Harris and Houser, 2018). Duplicate records occur for a variety of reasons, primarily human error due to transposing of letters and/or numbers during data entry, the use or non-use of middle names, and abbreviations. As we see more and more organizations merge or become part of a larger healthcare organization, the opportunity for duplicate medical records increase. â€Å"Duplicate records have caused negative outcomes in the discovery phase of the litigation process because there will be discrepancies with diagnoses, medications, and allergies† (Harris and Houser, 2018). Maintaining a single, confidential patient record ensures the availability and integrity of the patient data. Organizations are beginning to turn to biometrics to eliminate their duplicate records. The three possible methods include iris, palm vein, and fingerprint scanning. Iris scanning is the preferred method because it â€Å"supports hospital infection control initiatives and is very effective in preventing duplicates as there is a low occurrence of false positives and extremely low (almost zero percent) false negative rate† (Harris and Houser, 2018). With iris scanning, the technology never has to touch the patient whereas, palm vein and fingerprint scanning technology requires a physical contact between the patient and the technology. This increases the opportunity for infections to be spread. Organizations with an advanced enterprise master patient index (EMPI) are those that often contain patient information for multiple locations within one health system. The EMPI integrates data from the various systems forming an â€Å"overarching technology umbrella, resolving and synchronizing data issues and providing a single patient view that can be accessed across the enterprise. The EMPI resolves data quality issues and synchronizes back to enable accurate patient identification and matching that minimizes duplicates records† (Harris and Houser, 2018). The EMPI provides a level of confidentiality and security throughout the organization. When biometrics are implemented at the registration process and integrated into the EHR, health information professionals and providers can view and authenticate the patient information while working with the patient and within the EHR. Members of a data integrity team can verify patient records are properly integrating into the EHR as the patient moves through the health system. In areas where a facial recognition or fingerprint cannot be captured but a barcode can be scanned, the integration provides the patient's image for a comparison prior to medication administration or other service. This form of authentication provides an added security and safety feature. While all of this technology sounds like a win for the patient and the healthcare system in general, we must also consider the law. According to Hedges, three states (Illinois, Texas, and Washington) now have legislation that regulate how biometric information is collected and used. More states are expected to follow suit. The Illinois Biometric Privacy Act (BIPA), â€Å"defines biometric information to mean â€Å"any information, regardless of how it is captured, converted, stored, or shared, based on an individual's biometric identifier used to identify an individual.† (Hughes, 2018). BIPA does not include information captured in a healthcare setting or collected for treatment, payment, or healthcare options under HIPAA. It is uncertain how the Department of Health and Human Services will address biometric information at this time. One area that healthcare organizations should start to consider is how their business associates may interact with any biometric information they collect. The changing pace of technology is trying to keep up with the pace of today's security challenges. It seems as if each day we hear of another security breach or security issue almost daily. There are tools for the health information professional to address or combat areas information security issues. Two of the most powerful tools are iris scanning and facial recognition. These tools can authenticate employee and patient identification. By authenticating the employee, you maintain confidentiality of information. By authenticating the patient, you maintain patient safety and the integrity of your data.