Deterrence and Rational Choice Theory of Crime - 3085 Words

The issue of whether decision making by criminals is a rational process is a heated topic of discussion when one asserts that crime is the role of choice. Before the classical school of criminology, crime was thought to be the product of the paranormal occurrence of demons, witches, ghouls, and other creatures. The time prior to the classical school of criminology, called the preclassical era, is divided in two parts. Before the time of state intervention into private matters, each individual dealt with violations of their rights. This was a problem because of the continuous cycle of violence being perpetuated. Soon the State (and even the Church) took on the task of dispensing law and order to the masses of the Middle Ages. This led to a†¦show more content†¦For example, the shame of being exposed as a deviant to friends and family is more threatening than official sanctions. John Braithwaite asserted that shaming someone served to shape ones conscience. The crimes that see m to be the most deterrable seem to be those that are rational, instrumental, mala prohibita (acts that are not inherently evil but prohibited for other reasons), and typically committed in public places. Evidence of the deterrability of drunk driving is limited. Although, the sanctions associated with drunk driving may have a moral education effect. Capital punishment as a deterrent has little effect partly because of the irrational nature of acts punishable by death. Actually there is considerable support for a brutalization effect where it seems that violent crime tends to increase after an execution. There are factors that make someone more or less deterrable. Those who are future oriented, have high self control, are low risk-takers, have an authoritarian personality, are pessimistic, and older people. Also, those who are from higher classes are more deterrable. Females are more deterrable than males. Those who have much to lose and little to gain are also in this category. Sur prisingly, race has very little to do with ones level of deterrence. Cesare Beccaria contended that for someone to be deterred, they had to beShow MoreRelatedDeterrence And Rational Choice Theory777 Words   |  4 Pagesworld crime is happening every single day. Yes, some people may feel as if the deterrence theory does not work. Due to the fact that crime still happens in the world. This essay will look at the support for the theory. As well as the key problems for the theory. Next, it will explain some of the newest directions in deterrence/rational choice theory. Finally, it will either agree/disagree with someone’s thought on deterrence and how it does not work and is a waste of time to study. Deterrence andRead MoreContemporary Utilization Of Classical Perspective1575 Words   |  7 Pagesexplain the contemporary utilization of the classical perspective of criminology. Deterrence theory, rational choice theory, routine activities theory, and lifestyle theory will be explained and defined thoroughly detailing each theory and provide a historical background, theorist(s) involved, prior literature, scientific methods, results, personal opinions, and policy implications for each theory. These theories are still being utilized in law enforcement in present day enforcement of laws andRead MoreHow Rational Choice And Deterrence Theory Around The World1547 Words   |  7 Pages Everybody has a choice, but it’s up to the individual to the make a decisions on what they choice to do in a positive way, in every event that takes place in their life on an everyday basis. In today’s society dealing with Rational Choice a question always comes into play on why people engage in criminal behavior, but who really knows and most people wonder is it who they surrender their selves around in their social life or could it have been where they grow up and what they sense as a child withRead MoreThe Sentencing Policy And The Criminal Justice System1065 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many current criminal justice policies and laws that demonstrate how the policy has been informed by the theories that have been covered this semester. Many connections are not explicit but offer great detail in offering information based on the given topics. The current criminal justice policy that I’ve chosen was the sentencing policy. The sentencing policy was put togeth er to reach every type of case that could possibly be seen in the criminal justice system. Here we will further discussRead MoreDeterrence Theory Is The Rational Choice Theory992 Words   |  4 PagesDeterrence theory is the basis and the ultimate desired outcome to deter crime in the United States (Feldmeyer, 2015). That has not always been true. There has been a period in U.S. history, 1960’s and 1970’s that Rehabilitation Theory was considered the method of choice (Feldmeyer, 2015). Rehabilitation Theory, including treatment, was to treat the â€Å"illness† rather than place heavier sanctions such as incapacitation. Even though Rehabilitation is not the predominate approach used today, it is stillRead MoreTheories Of Law And Justice761 Words   |  4 PagesEssay #1 Theories of law and justice answers the questions on how/ why in society a person behavior could be seen or handle as a criminal (Akers Sellers, 2009). Also the theory helps explain why a certain behavior is consider illegal and what punishment needs to be taken for that behavior/conduct. To answer these questions, the theory looks at the variables which are social, economic, and economic which has it affects on law and justice (Akers Sellers, 2009). For theories of crime and criminalRead MoreDeterrence And Rational Choice : The Criminal Justice System And Crime Prevention1196 Words   |  5 PagesDeterrence or rational choice, which one is the better, or should I say wiser theory to follow when it comes to the criminal justice system and crime prevention. Using extreme capacitation (Deterrence) can be an effective punishment for many in our society, however, there will still be a small portion of our society that will still commit crimes. The majority of the society would use goo d-ole common sense (Rational Choice) and not commit crimes in the first place. DISCUSSION: Deterrence and RationalRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System And Crime Prevention970 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION: Deterrence or rational choice, which one is the better, or should I say wiser theory to follow when it comes to the criminal justice system and crime prevention. Using extreme capacitation (Deterrence) can be an effective punishment for many in our society, however, there will still be a small portion of our society that will still commit crimes. The majority of the society would use good-ole common sense (Rational Choice) and not commit crimes in the first place. DISCUSSION: Deterrence andRead MoreRational Decision Making And Its Effect On Crime Causation Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pages Rational Decision Making and its Effect on Crime Causation Most, if not all Americans, are familiar with the story of Batman and his alter ego Bruce Wayne. As a small child Bruce s parents were brutally gunned down in front of him prompting him to don the cape and mask to rid Gotham city of injustice. In the 2005 movie adaptation starring Christian Bale, Batman is asked why he so selflessly protects the city. He replies, â€Å"It s not who I am underneath, but what I do that defines me.† I believeRead MoreRational Choice Theory as a Deterant to Crime Essay622 Words   |  3 PagesWritten Assignment 1 (Due October 1st ) Rational choice theories are among the fastest growing theories in social science today. Many sociologists and political scientists defend the claim that rational choice theory can provide the basis for a unified and comprehensive theory of social behavior. What distinguishes rational choice theory from other forms of theory is that it denies the existence of any kinds of action other than the purely rational and calculative. All social action can be seen

Theme Of Red Dress By Alice Munro - 1664 Words

In the short story â€Å"Red Dress-1946†, Alice Munro suggests that a person can have fears of standing out and embarrassment due to society’s expectations. This can pressure one to conform with the majority, and ignore foresights of their future when making life-altering choices. The narrator is led to believe by her mother and her peers that the only way of living a happy life is to find a good husband. This idea is changed when she meets a girl named Mary Fortune who challenges the typical idea of ordinary, but her fear of being different ultimately leads her back to trying to fit into society’s expectations. This blinds her from the foresight that she is following the same path as her mother, and her life could result similar to her†¦show more content†¦By being pressured to fit in, she resorts to self-harm which displays the negative impact of society’s expectations for women to look a certain way. In addition, the hardships of being a woman in 1946 were displayed as the female teacher helplessly â€Å"begged [the boys]† to behave and often â€Å"burst into tears†. Women were considered less superior compared to men, thus they were more vulnerable to the opinions and actions of others because they had more difficulty defending themselves. Eventually, the narrator has no choice but to go to the school dance with the foresight of humiliation. At the school dance, â€Å"a Paul Jones† dance symbolises society and the road the narrator is taking in life where the girls are in the inner circle, the boys are in the outer circle and they end up with whoever is in front of them. The girls barely have a choice with who they end up with, similar to how the narrator does not have an opinion or choice, she is simply desperately waiting for anyone who picks her because she does not want to stand out which leads to embarrassment. The narrator is acutely aware of the â€Å"world’s opinion†. When she r ealized she was one of the few girls left without any boys claiming her, she felt as if â€Å"everybody knew it†. The pressure to conform makes her overly critical of herself, and although she might feel embarrassed and feel like everyone is focusing on her,Show MoreRelatedFeminist Criticism In Alice Munros Axis1087 Words   |  5 Pagesor short story, relating to the present sexism. Ruled by the mental and social prisons of society, the protagonists of Alice Munro’s â€Å"Axis† are the embodiment of the struggles faced by women seeking refuge from the dominant patriarchy during the 1900’s. Although this short story is usually perceived as a thriller, it clearly exhibits a very prominent feminist standpoint. This theme is exposed through the power relationships of the characters in the book, the structuring of masculinity and femininityRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Alice Munro s How I Met My Husband 1783 Words   |  8 PagesLiterary Analysis – Edie and Alice Munro’s Life Alice Munro’s short story, â€Å"How I Met My Husband† has a narrator that is one of a kind and a true reflection of the author’s lifestyle. The symbolic meaning of Edie’s role in the story can be directly related to the life Alice Munro was living and striving for herself. Edie is a 15-year-old girl who strives for marriage and affection from men, has been raised in a country/rural setting, and does poorly in obtaining a higher education due to many reasonsRead MoreComing of Age in Alice Munro’s Boys and Girls Essay1086 Words   |  5 PagesIn Alice Munro’s â€Å"Boys and Girls,† there is a time line in a young girl’s life when she leaves childhood and its freedoms behind to become a woman. The story depicts hardships in which the protagonist and her younger brother, Laird, experience in order to find their own rite of passage. The main character, who is nameless, faces difficulties and implications on her way to womanhood be cause of gender stereotyping. Initially, she tries to prevent her initiation into womanhood by resisting her parent’s

The Absence of Ex-Offenders in Discussions of Diversity Management

Question: Describe about hiring Ex-Offenders an attempt to minimize the squandering of human capital. Answer: Introduction A number of people get released from prison every year. It is important to look forward to their future after their release. The prisoners who get released from the jail, do they get hired by any employer or do they get absorbed as a full-time worker by any organization? Many of them lived happily after their release with their new life (Bushway Apel, 2012). However, there are also different cases as well. A majority of the number of ex-offenders gets refused and deprived of support from their family and workplace, because of their criminal records. The existence of illegal records creates a reputation in the job market as well as in the society which is difficult to break. These individuals then become incapable to continue their professional work as well as social life. Therefore, it is more likely that they will bounce back to their previous life of criminal activities and again go to jail. They are reversed back to their initial situation within maximum two to three years. An ex-offender who is now the owner of a widely known NGO, has taken up an initiative to promote the ex-offenders to get good jobs and has started arranging job opportunities for them (Varghese, 2013). Presently, a nationally acclaimed specialist is using a unique technique for producing delicious potato pies and pound cakes for the retail shop where the specialist only recruit offenders and ex-offenders. In the study, the effect of hiring ex-offenders in order to protect the loss of human capital has been discussed. According to Verbruggen et al. (2012) the study is solely focused on determining the problems faced by the ex-offenders and the opportunities that can be provided for them, so that, they can live a better life after getting released from the jail. Statement of the Problem Offering jobs to the ex-offenders in order to reduce the decaying effects on the human capital is the matter of grave concern to the stake holders and the leaders as well (Nally et al., 2014). A reputed pack of well efficient professional personnel from reputed companies are always in search of competent and efficient workers who will be able to substantiate the needs and responsibilities of the company. A cluster of guidebooks and a group of researchers have emphasized on the cultural, sexual, sociological, and age distributional biases at the workplace. The socioeconomic connection of the ex-offenders in accordance with the current industrial structure will help the country to prevent a substantial loss of the human capital. Therefore, the problem before the researcher is to provide support and strength to the ex-offenders so as to alleviate the problem of human capital loss (Verbruggen et al., 2012). Purpose of the Study The broad purpose of the study is to establish a proper understanding of the advantage of hiring the ex-offenders in order to reduce the loss of human capital. The paper is dedicated to make people aware about using the non-utilized resourceful section of the society. The stakeholders are always careful about recruiting and retaining an efficient workforce, just because an efficient workforce alone can improve the performance of an organization. Therefore, according to Van Schellen et al. (2012) recruiting the ex-offenders who have the minimal record of criminal activities and also who possess the set of skills as per the requirement of the recruiter will be seen as a benchmark. This will also help to reduce the repetitive behavior that the ex-offenders receive as well as add a social value (Van Schellen et al., 2012). Research Questions The research questions that arise while conducting the study are stated below, What are the reasons for not recruiting people with past criminal records? What are the determining factors that put a limit on the hiring and salary of the ex-offenders? What are the main mediums from which the organization may get to know about the background of the ex-offenders? Brief Review of the Literature Inside the prisons, there is always a negative impact on the security, daily administration and the protection. However, in the daily life, this can be considered as a major factor impacting severely. According to Verbruggen et al. (2012) this is a major concern as the persons serving the punishment in jails or prisons in other ways may be destroying the human capital. Therefore, a proper audit and investigation about the efficiency and skills of the prisoners are needed so as to evaluate their contribution to the human capital. Prison is not a place where the qualifications, talents and abilities of the individuals properly utilized. However, according to Harwin (2012), the prisoners in USA are usually interviewed by experts when they come to the jail. This is mainly done to determine the skills and abilities of the individuals. This also helps to distinguish the individuals who may require assistance during the prison period for literacy or other skill development (Verbruggen et al., 2012). The process that involves less time is always aimed to set up certain objectives. This can be represented with the help of an example. The example of such an activity is the registration for the literacy class. According to Nally et al. (2014) organizations like these generally provide occupational qualifications like cookery, hairdressing, carpentry and others. Moreover, sometimes the criminals are induced to enroll for the lesson which may in turn develop the skill sets within the individual and help them to get a full-time job after they get released from the prison. Verbruggen et al. (2012) pointed out that if these prisoners get hired after their release the prisoners as well as the hiring organization will contribute to diminishing the decay of human capital. Nally et al. (2014) pointed out that, a problem may arise when an inmate in the jail is over educated in comparison with the expected level of education in jails. The data collection method regarding the service and wages of the ex-offenders is fairly problematic. Most of the public scientists used the review of a character in order to learn the industrial market; they did not characterize previous criminal records as a query. Again in some researches even if they did so, the responses received on those queries are purely unrealistic. The prisoners are often rejected by the employers because of their poor educational qualification (Fitzgerald et al., 2013). The ex-convicts in the United States of America have undergone a process of criminal justice system; this deprives them of the easily accessible higher educational facilities for the interested persons. According to Jason et al. (2015), the reason for the failure of education system within the prison may be due to the lack of presence of efficient teaching personnel or due to overcrowding. However, Blessett and Pryor (2013), states that if the ex-offenders are amalgamated into the society after their release, they may be sometime become productive and may add value to the society. Despite this fact, Lageson and Uggen (2013) argues that before incorporating these persons in the society or in the workforce, it should be investigated what was the previous record of the person and how was the behavior of the person in jail. It should also be taken into account the skills and abilities of the individual. Otherwise, it may be dangerous for the society. There are several initiatives and works going on in this regard to incorporate these persons in the society so as to alleviate the problems of decaying of human capital. Verbruggen et al. (2012) pointed out that a large number of social scientists are conducting research in this context so that the companies or organizations can recruit the ex-offenders. It has been seen that most of the ex-offenders are rejected for employment by the companies because of their lack of education. Therefore, there are organizations that are trying to solve these problems by providing educational assistance to the interested students in the prison. Solomon (2012) argues that the employment and salary structures of the ex-convicted persons, if they get employed in a company, are more likely to be biased. This is mainly because of their lesser exposure in the working environment and the lesser experience of work (Verbruggen et al., 2012). The organizations mainly take the advantages of these. However acc ording to Van Schellen et al., (2012) a evaluation report of jail inmates should be designed. During the time of release of an inmate on the basis of his performance in jail, if this evaluation report is updated and shared with the main media by which the organizations obtains information about the ex-offenders, then in such a case the concerned organization will also be able to get an idea about the present situation of the person. However, there are many authors, who have gone against this view. According to Sugie (2012), the persons who have served prison years, there is a tendency among them, for instance if they are neglected and receive disapproval from the society, they return to the criminal life again. Theme/Sub-Topic 1: Hiring Ex-Offenders an Attempt to Minimize the Squandering of Human Capital The topic is to determine the effects of hiring the ex-convicts on the companies and thereby reducing the loss of human capital. Human capital is the most important asset to the society, therefore maintaining and nurturing the human capital is a must for the society. Therefore, this paper aims to help the society by increasing awareness about the fact that recruiting the ex-offenders will help to reduce the decay of human capital. This will be in turn a great benefit for the society in near future (Schriro, 2012). Summary To summarize, it can be said that, the erosion of human capital can be stopped by re-employing the ex-offenders. The recruiters or the organizations should look forward to the rehabilitation of the offenders, who have served the prison term and have rectified themselves. Such individuals can be allowed to enter the society with dignity and respect. This will allow reducing the erosion of human capital. Research Method In this chapter the research methodology is described, which will focus on the research, design, research approach, research philosophy, and other criteria of research that are mentioned by the researcher to justify and substantiate the entire research. In this concept paper, an over view of the methodology will be provided in this section. The rationale behind the research is that it is based on the alarming situation of decaying of human capital. Human capital is the most important resource to the society. Therefore, it is an alarming issue that it is decaying day by day (Pijoan, 2014). If the problem of human capital erosion is not addressed immediately, it may affect the society as a whole; therefore, it is an issue to the researcher. Again, as the problem is increasing with the passage of time, it is more important to try to address the problem as soon as possible. The researcher has opted for a qualitative research. The qualitative research is solely based on the data collected via open-ended questions and the data collected has been collected from are primary source. . Based on the data obtained the researcher will perform the data analysis and try to figure out the solution to the research questions. This will help the researcher to obtain effective and efficient results for the research (Moses, 2012). Summary The researcher has well mentioned all the criteria chosen for the concerned topic of research. The basic understanding of the related factors and essential framework of the research has also been underpinned in the study. While conducting the study, the researcher has undertaken an extensive survey of the literature that has enabled the researcher to gain a better insight on the concerned topic. In the light of the knowledge acquired from the literature review the researcher has discussed how the research questions can be answered and how the ex-offenders will be of extreme help if they are considered within the society. On the other hand, the researcher has also focused on the importance of the recruiters without their contribution, the ex-offenders will not able to live a happier life. References Blessett, B., Pryor, M. (2013). The Invisible Job Seeker: The Absence of Ex-Offenders in Discussions of Diversity Management.Public Administration Quarterly, 433-455. Bushway, S. D., Apel, R. (2012). A signaling perspective on employment based reentry programming.Criminology public policy,11(1), 21-50. Fitzgerald, E. L., Chronister, K. M., Forrest, L., Brown, L. (2013). OPTIONS for Preparing Inmates for Community Reentry An Employment Preparation Intervention.The Counseling Psychologist,41(7), 990-1010 Harwin, A. (2012). VII Challenges to Employment Discrimination Against Minority Men With Criminal Records.Berkeley J. Afr.-Am. L. Pol'y,14, 2-65 Jason, L. A., Olson, B. D., Harvey, R. (2015). Evaluating alternative aftercare models for ex-offenders.Journal of drug issues,45(1), 53-68 Lageson, S., Uggen, C. (2013). How work affects crimeand crime affects workover the life course. InHandbook of life-course criminology(pp., 201-212). Springer New York. Moses, M. C. (2012). Ex-offender job placement programs do not reduce recidivism.Corrections Today,74(4), 106-108. Nally, J. M., Lockwood, S., Ho, T., Knutson, K. (2014). Post-release recidivism and employment among different types of released offenders: A 5-year follow-up study in the United States.International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences,9(1), 16 Newell, W. (2013). Legacy of Nixon, Reagan, and Horton: How the Tough on Crime Movement Enabled a New Regime of Race-Influenced Employment Discrimination, The.Berkeley J. Afr.-Am. L. Pol'y,15, 3. Pijoan, E. L. (2014). Legal protections against criminal background checks in Europe.Punishment Society,16(1), 50-73. Schriro, D. (2012). Good Science, Good Sense: Making Meaningful Change HappenA Practitioner's Perspective.Criminology Public Policy,11(1), 101-110. Solomon, A. L. (2012). In search of a job: Criminal records as barriers to employment.NIJ Journal,270, 42-51 Sugie, N. F. (2012). Punishment and welfare: Paternal incarceration and families' receipt of public assistance.Social Forces, sos055 Van Schellen, M., Apel, R., Nieuwbeerta, P. (2012). Because Youre Mine, I Walk the Line? Marriage, Spousal Criminality, and Criminal Offending Over the Life Course.Journal of quantitative criminology,28(4), 701-723. Varghese, F. P. (2013). Vocational Interventions with Offenders Interdisciplinary Research, Theory, and Integration.The Counseling Psychologist,41(7), 1011-1039 Verbruggen, J., Blokland, A. A., van der Geest, V. R. (2012). Effects of employment and unemployment on serious offending in a high-risk sample of men and women from ages 18 to 32 in the Netherlands.British Journal of Criminology,52(5), 845-869.

Intergration of Traditional and Digital Marketing free essay sample

Introduction Integrated Marketing is where all forms of marketing channels and communications are carefully linked together to reinforce a single coherent message. Integrated marketing programs incorporate an appropriate and customised combination of on-line and traditional marketing elements that can include: †¢Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) The use of keywords that increases ranking in the google listings according to relevance of the words used in the search engine. †¢Search Engine Marketing (SEM) The maximizing of exposure through Pay Per Click impressions. Social Media Marketing The use of social network platforms †¢Email Marketing Campaigns Mainly used to inform existing customers of new products and services. †¢Radio Advertising Used in the traditional marketing strategies however a medium that can be a very powerful tool of integrating the two marketing traditions †¢Television Advertising Placing commercials during specific times of the day or durin g programs views aimed at a specific target audience can be very effective means of lead generation †¢Bill Board Advertising A effective medium for supplementing a well established online marketing program †¢Newspaper Advertising Effective medium for attracting a wide audience as Television . We will write a custom essay sample on Intergration of Traditional and Digital Marketing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Traditional and digital methods are never as effective separately as they are when fully integrated with one and other. However developing sustainable integrated solutions and successfully executing them ar part of a comprehensive strategy requires foresight and planning. An example of traditional and online marketing strategies powerful interaction was from the Educational Building Society, (EBS) , campaigne â€Å"Mortgage Information Evening†. EBSâ€Å"Mortagage Information Evening† Traditional and Digital Integration. EBS developed a marketing strategy informing potential home owners of an open evening for mortgage advice. The major concept to this strategy is the use of an open evening giving expert advice in order to capture a existing customer base of those interested in buying their own home. The traditional strategies used to inform customers of this open evening were: newspaper, local radio and bill boards and the digital marketing strategies were SEO,Quick Response code, scan, (QR), Blogs, and Cookies. The apparent goal of this marketing strategy was to direct their audience from the traditional arena to the digital market and this was done through the process of the potential customer having to registering in order to attend the information evening. Looking at each medium used individually this can be clearly illustrated: Newspaper Media A newspaper advertisement is an extremely effective means of reaching and attracting a wide audience. The main drawback to this type of medium is competition of the news, other advertisements and location of the advert in the paper. To overcome this obstacle a newspaper advertisement should contain a high visual and headline with a call to action. The EBS advertisement was structured accordingly where they had four full page insertions at the front of the Metro Herald. The front page had a large visual and head line with sub head lines on the other three pages. The integration from traditional to digital took place at the call to action where the customer was directed to their web site via e-mail, or by scanning a Quick Response code, (QR), with a mobile phone which again, brought the viewer to the EBS web site. Local Radio The key aspect of radio media is that it is reliant on only one of the senses and that is hearing. It is on this basis radio has been classified as the â€Å"theatre of the mind† as it generates the imaginaton of the listener. EBS generated a raidio advertisment with a male voice over in a conversation with a female voice over about getting a mortagage. It gave the impression that the listener was listening in on the conversation. The intergration from traditional to digital occured through a third male voice over calling to action by giving the EBS website to attendi the open information evening. Bill Board Bill Boards can be an effective method of highlighting a companys visibility and Brand awarness. It is most effective to sustain a established online marketing program as in the case of the EBS. The intergration occured where the call to action was to direct the audience to the website. Information Evening. The information evening was it self a traditional strategy where EBS inviting those interested in taking out a mortgage to attend for expert advice. This was not only to capture a existing customer base but as the potential customer had to register on line, the intergration from traditional to digital took place as they had to give their Email address and asked if this could be used for further promotions. Thus it allowed EBS to update or create a data base for those promotions. It has been clearly illustrated how EBS used the traditional marketing programs to direct their audience online. However in order to expand their audience further EBS also used a number of digital strategies which were: Search Engine Optimisation. Although EBS used traditional marketing strategies to send their audience directly on to their web page, when â€Å"mortgage information evening† is placed in a search engine, EBS was ranked second as they use keywords that were highly relevant to that search. Use of Blogs on Social Media Platforms and Third Party Sites A Blog short for â€Å"Web Log† refers to a list of journal entrires posted on a web page. The main advantage of hosting these web logs are their interactive feature where a web visitor gets the chance of two way communication. In the EBS campaign, the interactive features not only illustrated feedback on the â€Å"Information Evening† its self, but it also gave details on the consumers attitudes and behaviours towards Mortgage products in areas such â€Å"property tax† and â€Å"negative equity†. The blog also gave feedback concerning the venue and location was taking place. The fact that the EBS hosted these blogs on third party sites such as myhome. ie and 4. pm. ie makes it possible for the hosted websites to improve ther page ranking that leads to maxium online exposure. Quick Response Code (QR Code) QR codes are similar to the standard bar codes that currently appear on all types of cunsumer products. QR codes contain much more informaton than traditional barcodes. A QR code works by scanning the code with a mobile device that is equipped with a camera and a QR reader application. Once the QR code is scanned, it is translated into actionable information which directs the users to a text message. EBS placed the QR code in a newspapers advertisement, once scanned it directed the user to the registration page of the information evening, where they filled in the registration form to attend. This intergation between print and web via QR Codes adds a new dimension of communication to an marketing strategy. Digital Signatures/Cookies. A cookie is a piece of information in the form of small text that is placed on an internets users hard drive. Cookies can have different functions; a) They make interaction between user and website faster and easier. b) Without cookies it would be difficult for a website to allow a vistor to fill up a shopping cart or remember the users registration details. In the context of using cookies for online marketing they have the ability to collect demographic information. They also enable websites to monitor their users web activities and profile them for marketing purposes (for example, to find out which products or services they are interested in and send them targetted advertisment). EBS does have a pop up menu for cookie compliance which asks ther vistor to accept their cookie. However, the purpose may be for online marketing strategies but the website does not inform the user the purpose of the cookie. Conclusion. What the EBS mortgage information evening campaign shows is that traditional marketing is more of an extension of online marketing strategies, rather than a strategy in itself. The goal of traditional marketing now is to engage the consumer offline and then connect and convert them online. However, what the EBS marketing strategy does demonstrate is that in order that traditional to be effective with online marketing it is necessary that a) a meaningful marketing message should be the first step in any campaign. This message should contain the purpose of the marketing strategy. How will it benefit the reader? What action do you want the reader to take? b) Who is the audience? Once you have determined what you are saying it is now necessary to know who you are speaking to. It is beneficial to be specific and being focused on those people who will get the most benefit from what you are offering. c) Where is your audience? Once you know who your audience is you need to determine the best way to get your message to them. Are they using Google search, are they reading newspapers online or off, Do they read newspapers or blogs. Do they listen to radio or iPods. Do they gossip with friends at the pub or on Facebook. The EBS campaign has shown that once the marketing message has a clear purpose the audience required can be reached with a good integration of traditional and online methods.

Analyze Derek Parfits Personal Identity Essay Example

Analyze Derek Parfits Personal Identity Essay Example Analyze Derek Parfits Personal Identity Essay Analyze Derek Parfits Personal Identity Essay This essay will analyze Derek Parfits Personal Identity. In his essay, Derek Parfit explains a scenario where a brain is divided into two pieces. The two pieces of brain are then housed in two different bodies. 1 To Parfit, there are three possibilities for the survival of the identity to which the brain in question originally had. 1. The persons identity does not survive. 2. The persons identity survives as one of the two new people. 3. The persons identity survives through both new persons. Parfit rejects all three of these possibilities for various reasons. I will attempt to explain how Parfit goes about rejecting these three possibilities, and explicate what I believe Parfit overlooked. In his essay Parfit rejects the first possibility by bringing up a person who has lost half his brain. He says that it is possible for people to have half of their brain destroyed and still survive. 2 This being the case there is little difference between having half a brain transplanted and having half a brain destroyed. Either way the person still only has half a brain. Parfit also rejects the second possibility. In the second possibility the person survives as one of the two new people. Parfits rejection is based on both halves of the brain being identical. If both halves of the brain are identical, and both are transplanted successfully, then there is no reason for one to survive and the other not too. The third possibility is more difficult to resolve. Parfit rejects the notion of the survival as two people. If survival consists in the sameness of identity, then it doesnt follow that a person can survive in two people and have the same identity. On the other hand it may be possible for one person to have two bodies with a divided mind. 3 Supposing that the two people were separated for a long enough time, it stands to reason that they may end up different people. 4 This is where a major problem occurs. If possibility three is possible, it is only possible if a person survives as both new people. Parfit has rejected this claim. But he also says that two people could survive and be different. Parfit then tries to resolve this discrepancy. He brings to example two people who make up a third person. The two people can be themselves, but also comprise another person. 5 Even this doesnt seem to resolve the issue. Parfit then raises another possibility; he attempts to separate survival and identity. In other words one could survive as the two different people without being those people. This concept he calls the descendant self6, whereby a person doesnt necessarily have the same identity as either of the resulting persons. Rather, the two resulting people together make up the person. So it seems that Parfit is skirting the original question of identity. His theory of the descendant selves attempts to remove identity out of the problem and replace it with survival. I dont believe that Parfit feels identity is a necessary component in survival. Furthermore, by taking this stance, I dont think that he answers the question of personal identity. Clearly though only parts of ones body needs to survive, and I think that Parfit would agree that that is the brain. This being the case Parfit brings to example a person with epilepsy. Doctors can split the brain and create two separate spheres of consciousness. The separation of the two halves of the brain doesnt seem to matter, as long as they are in the same body. If the two brain halves are in the same body then that constitutes the same person. But what is the difference between being in the same body and not being in the same body? The only difference is that the separated halves are in different bodies. Parfit objection would be that the two people could be separated for a long period of time they would end up being different people. They may not even recognize each other if they met. Still, it doesnt mean that they are not the same person. If me right now and me sixty years from now met, we may not know or recognize one another. Is that to say that we arent the same person? I dont think that Parfit is truly interested in the problem of personal identity per se. Rather, I think that he is more interested in explaining survivability. In that it doesnt matter to Parfit that the original person survives, instead, what is important is that someone survives. Furthermore, that that someone has some relation to the original persons psychology. Moreover, that the psychological relationships are continually overlapping. 7 These overlapping relationships Parfit calls psychological continuity. I dont think that this idea of psychological continuity solves the problem of personal identity though. If we look at Parfits diagram, we would see the original person A8, and several descendant selves. 9 These descendant selves are connected to person A through psychological continuity. In this way, any person on the tree is a descendant self of A. Moreover, though these people may not be person A, and in fact are not person A, still they survive at best as part of person A. This is somewhat difficult to understand. The descendant selves are not the original person. If this is the case, how does Parfit answer the question of personal identity? The answer is that he doesnt. Or rather, that he skirts the issue. Parfit makes survivability the important issue. How is it that someone can survive into the future? Even though there is no one identical to you in the future there is psychological continuity between you and a future self. This being the case, survivability is a function of psychological continuity. This is where I think Parfits mistake is. Continuity, to me, implies an uninterrupted succession or flow. I believe the key word here is uninterrupted. Yet, in Parfits example there is an interruption. Between each of the descending selves exist differences, which create a separation. Another way to think of this is to use Parfits original example of the brain surgery. Suppose we had three people, and two of those people had their brains removed. Further suppose that we took the brain of the third person, split it half, and transplanted the halves into the two people without brains. The third possibility (which Parfit rejects) would say that the original persons identity survives through the two new people. What Parfit wants to say is that the two new people are descendant selves of the original person. Furthermore, that the two new people share psychological continuity with the original person. Though they are not the same people as the original person, the original person survives through them. Herein lies what I believe to be Parfits mistake. The two new people do not share psychological continuity with the original person. Continuity, as stated above, implies an uninterrupted succession or flow. To say that a persons psychology is continuous through the type of operation stated before isnt true. Having ones brain cut in half already implies that one wouldnt be the same person. If this were the case then personal identity wouldnt be the same either. Though some of the original persons memories and traits may survive, the original persons identity wouldnt. Ultimately, if the two new people created only share some memories and some traits of the original person, I dont think that it is enough to say that they share psychological continuity with the original person. This being the case, it also wouldnt follow that the original person survives through the two new people. A few memories and traits dont constitute survivability.

Ford essays

Ford essays They can start out as simple as a dream, or a sketch on a napkin during lunch. But by the time you see them, vehicles from Ford Motor Company have been designed and tested to look and perform their best. Here are some stories that chronicle that process. From the Model T to the latest futuristic designs, the engineers at Ford have a long history of design innovation. Here you can get a glimpse of some of the latest visions of the cars of the future. Keeping up to date with current technology is essential to ensuring reliability and safety. See how Ford puts cutting edge developments to work on important issues like Y2K compliance. All great innovations begin with a strong commitment to research. Meet the people behind some of our better ideas and visit places like the Ford Research Laboratory, where exciting new strides are being made in the technology that drives your car. Ford's commitment to the latest research and technology is evident in the cars you see on the road today. Find out more about the cars you want to drive. Innovative solutions to keep you safe and secure. Of all the things we transport in our vehicles, the most important are our children. See what Ford is doing to help keep them safe. Learning to drive remains one of the biggest rites-of-passage for our youth. Read about some of the ways Ford is helping to train the next generation of drivers. When used correctly, they're one of the best safety devices on your vehicle. This section will answer a lot of your questions and explain how air bags work. Buckling up and making sure kids are properly restrained in the rear seat are two important ways you can help keep everyone safe. Here are some other ways Ford is helping to do the same. Dedicated to providing ingenious environmental solutions ...

Geosynchronous Satellite Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geosynchronous Satellite - Assignment Example Through this, the country can intensify the defense itself against terrorism and other attacks. Meteorologists can also monitor the weather conditions by using these GEO satellites, and this information can help pilots to plan their travel plans in a way that the weather will not affect their journeys. Also, its helps businesspersons to communicate effectively hence making them aware of the market for their products. Additionally, the effects of the ozone layer can be monitored through the GEO satellites and adequate measures taken to curb the health effects related to the destruction of the ozone layer. In GEO satellites, they are meant to stay there for life, and this will help future generations with artistic history from ancient times, that will live longer than humans will. This can be retrieved from the storage units of these satellites. Spiritually, the GEO satellites help religions to communicate with fellow worshipers all over the world and plan spiritual meetings. Thus, this assists the world to be united spiritually hence bringing about peace to its inhabitants (Breunig & Zlatanova, 2011). The need to respond to these natural human factors in a comprehensive manner affected the developed of a GEO satellite that could serve numerous purposes ranging from monitoring the weather to ensuring the security of a nation. GEO satellites were formed to stay far above the ground so that they cannot be tampered with and will a good view of the globe from all corners of the world. They contain rechargeable batteries that are charged by the sun hence they will always be working all day and night. This will ensure all this human factors are monitored all day and even at night when no one is watching, these satellites will capture all happenings and the responsive action taken whenever an issue arises. a) The Geosynchronous satellite has greatly influenced the population growth, lifespan/mortality and health in a great way. This has been achieved by the

How has the debt problem in Europe evolved Using appropriate theories, Coursework

How has the debt problem in Europe evolved Using appropriate theories, assess how governments and institutions have responded t - Coursework Example He stated that â€Å"Europe faced a â€Å"moral crisis† as much as an economic crisis and hence â€Å"European leaders needed to make up their minds on the type of union they really wanted† (Beesley 2013). According to him, there was a need for â€Å"radical economics† and a â€Å"radical rethink† of how Eu leaders were handling the economic crisis† (Ibid). The debt problem was generated as a result of so many complicated factors from different sectors of Eurozone. The introduction of Euro or the formation of monetary union, without uniting the fiscal policies of the countries was one among them. European Union did not give proper attention to confirm whether the member states were obeying EU’s rules and regulations and during the crisis they also accepted the high budget deficits by many countries. The global recession of course has a role in the problem from the year 2008 to 2012. The debt crisis faltered the lending and economic growth bec ause of the bank’s liquidity problems (ACCA 2012). The loans made to both governments and private organizations had assumed certain levels of growth when these expectations failed problems arose regarding the repayment and servicing debts (Ibid). In general, problems from the banking sectors had caused remarkable effects on the whole European economy. The rating agencies utilized the crisis occasion in a way that led rise in bond yields and tensions in the bond market and also made the government to hesitate in raising money because of the distrust on creditors about the payment. European Politics had a sound influence on worsening the dept dilemma. Different political parties with different ideas and suggestions always created conflicts between the decision makers. Germany went ahead with their austerity-led strategy to deal with the crisis and also protected against the anti-austerity parties through their strikes. The responsible authorities or leaders could not take relev ant measures at the right time in order to tackle the problem, and it spread uncontrollably. The decisions made by them seemed to be unsuitable and non-practical. The European Union’s attempts to find proper solutions for the debt crisis resulted in increasing the minimum level of bank capitalization in order to make capable of handling future problems (ACCA 2012). Another step forwarded by the EU was the formation of European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) to raise funds needed to provide loans to the European countries and later developed a mechanism in conjunction with both EFSF and Internal Monetary Fund for the same purpose (Ibid). As the banking section founded to be a key solution for debt crisis management, the European Central Bank decided to assure low interest rates to aid and boost economic growth and tried to solve problems regarding liquidity by bringing government and private debt securities to the open market. But ECB lacked other important options like f orming fiscal union or banking union. Internal Monetary Fund is also lending money in appropriate manner joining with EFSF and they are expected to do much more in upcoming years. Morris Goldstein, a former deputy director of research at the IMF said that â€Å"If the IMF wasn’t participating at all, the crisis would have been worse† (Eving 2013). While IMF had insisted that the aid recipients must cut government spending and raise taxes Ms. Lagarde

Things to Know About Volleyball Essay Example for Free

Things to Know About Volleyball Essay One thing that I didn’t know about volleyball was that in 1895 William G. Morgan invented it. I also didn’t know that Volleyball has the skills of Baseball, Handball, and Tennis. Two things I already knew were how to spike and serve. Two things I already knew how to do were how to spike and serve. One more thing I didn’t know was how to jump serve. hits then without exercising. This book is based on both facts and how you would play the game. The way the author uses facts is by on page 54 it tells you step by step how to do a back set. The way I can tell the difference between the author’s presentation or fact and inference is by in all of chapter one it gives you some facts on how the game first started. One of the facts is that in 1895 William G. Morgan wanted to invent a game that had the skills of baseball, handball, and tennis. Thus inventing Volleyball. Five items you would put in a timecapsul would be: 1. A volleyball because that’s what the book is all about. 2. Tips on How to Play the game so that if someone in the future knew how to play already they could have tips to become better player’s. 3. A list of warm-ups and exercises to do to play the game better cause your have better 4.I would also put in a list of steps that you should do to know how to spike because bumping, setting, and spiking are the three main ways to get the ball over the net. 5.I would also put in a list of Volleyball Talk words because they would be good to have so when you play the game and use the words you will know what they mean and how to use them.

Machiavellian Advice from The Prince Essay -- Political Science

Niccolo Machiavelli was a middle-class and humanist-educated Florentine diplomat, philosopher, and writer who lived during the Renaissance in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Although bestowed with the title of the father of modern political theory, Machiavelli has been, and continues to be widely misunderstood and misinterpreted (Kreis). The term â€Å"Machiavellian,† and it is in the dictionary, is defined as subtle or unscrupulous cunning, deception, expediency, or dishonesty (Dictionary). In acknowledgment of the enduring impact of Machiavelli on society, psychologists have identified a distinct personality style that is characterized by manipulativeness, cynicism about human nature, and shrewdness in interpersonal behavior, and named this syndrome after Machiavelli (â€Å"48†). Machiavellianism is described as a manipulative strategy of social interaction and personality style that uses other people as tools of personal gain (â€Å"48†). In this excerpt from The Prince, Machiavelli’s most recognized and popular discourse on morality and power, the author discusses and compares numerous aspects of the necessary attributes of a successful ruler. While he debates the pros and cons of vice and virtue, Machiavelli presents a compelling case for the adroit application of vice, in the event that princely virtues will threaten the sovereignty of authority. Most of Machiavelli’s work, including the The Prince, was only formally published posthumously, and the assumption would be that his intention in writing The Prince was not to inform the general public, most of who had neither reading skills, the access to books, or held positions of leadership and government. Machiavelli’s true intention in writing The Prince was to gain the att... ...itics. That Machiavelli has become synonymous with treachery is ironic, for this essay unmistakably and definitely confirms that throughout the history of civilization, those leaders who persevered and gained recognition as icons of power, character, and intellect were those who understood the balance of virtue and vice. Works Cited Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. Web. 12 March 2012. Kirszner, Laurie G., and Mandell, Stephen R. Practical Argument. â€Å"From The Prince.† New York: Bedford-St. Martin’s. 2011. Print Kreis, Steven. â€Å"Niccolo Machiavelli.† The History Guide. The History Guide. Web. 10 Mar. 2012. SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on The Prince.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2002. Web. 6 Mar. 2012. â€Å"48 Laws of Power and the Machiavellian Personality.† Psychology and Mental Health Forum. Psychology and Mental Health Forum. Web. Mar. 12 2012.

Beauty by Susan Sontag

â€Å"The privileges of beauty are immense† said Cocteau. To be sure, beauty is a form of power. And deservedly so. What is Lamentable is that it is the only form of power that most women are encouraged to seek. This power is always conceived in relation to men; is not the power to do but the power to attract. †¦. or renounced with out social censure. † – here she states that beauty is a power that us women or men have naturally, we have the power to attract what we want and don’t want. For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Person then were assumed to be what we now have to call–lamely, enviously–whole person†¦.. beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind† -here she explains how theirs two types of beauty the â€Å"inside† beauty and the â€Å"outside† beauty. In Susan Sontag informative piece entitled â€Å"Beauty† she discusses her logical thoughts of the beauty of a women an d a men, and of how beauty has changed over the centuries. Susan uses Logical appeals to evoke her philosophy of beauty.She says â€Å"The privileges of beauty are immense† said Cocteau. To be sure, beauty is a form of power. And deservedly so. What is Lamentable is that it is the only form of power that most women are encouraged to seek. This power is always conceived in relation to men; is not the power to do but the power to attract. †¦. or renounced with out social censure. † Here Susan states that beauty is a power that us women or men have naturally, we have the power to attract what we want and don’t want.She as well mentions, â€Å"For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Person then were assumed to be what we now have to call–lamely, enviously–whole person†¦.. beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind† Which here she explains how theirs two types of beauty the â€Å"inside† beauty and the â€Å"outside† beauty. Susan is very informative with her logical examples that she makes a clear point in the passage, about beauty has changing through out the centuries but â€Å"inside† beauty and â€Å"outside† beauty remains the same. Beauty by Susan Sontag â€Å"The privileges of beauty are immense† said Cocteau. To be sure, beauty is a form of power. And deservedly so. What is Lamentable is that it is the only form of power that most women are encouraged to seek. This power is always conceived in relation to men; is not the power to do but the power to attract. †¦. or renounced with out social censure. † – here she states that beauty is a power that us women or men have naturally, we have the power to attract what we want and don’t want. For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Person then were assumed to be what we now have to call–lamely, enviously–whole person†¦.. beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind† -here she explains how theirs two types of beauty the â€Å"inside† beauty and the â€Å"outside† beauty. In Susan Sontag informative piece entitled â€Å"Beauty† she discusses her logical thoughts of the beauty of a women an d a men, and of how beauty has changed over the centuries. Susan uses Logical appeals to evoke her philosophy of beauty.She says â€Å"The privileges of beauty are immense† said Cocteau. To be sure, beauty is a form of power. And deservedly so. What is Lamentable is that it is the only form of power that most women are encouraged to seek. This power is always conceived in relation to men; is not the power to do but the power to attract. †¦. or renounced with out social censure. † Here Susan states that beauty is a power that us women or men have naturally, we have the power to attract what we want and don’t want.She as well mentions, â€Å"For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Person then were assumed to be what we now have to call–lamely, enviously–whole person†¦.. beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind† Which here she explains how theirs two types of beauty the â€Å"inside† beauty and the â€Å"outside† beauty. Susan is very informative with her logical examples that she makes a clear point in the passage, about beauty has changing through out the centuries but â€Å"inside† beauty and â€Å"outside† beauty remains the same.

Small and Medium Enterprise

Accessibility Monorails for Urban Community in Jakarta Contemporary societies heavily depend on transportation and modern social life is possible only if people have mobility on a daily basis?the ability to move around so that they can do what they have to do or like to do (Augurs, 2004).On the one hand, high personal mobility and the lifestyle choices are features of modern societies but costs and constraints involved in meeting this demand threaten communities in important ways via financial impositions, increases in pollution and greenhouse effects and reduction of local amenity, promotion of dispersed development and the aka up of farm or bush land and depletion of scarce fossil fuel reserves (G, 1999, up. 11-122). Nowadays almost every day mass media in Indonesia review the issues about poor public transport and increasing levels of traffic congestion in Jakarta.The problem of congestion and poor of public transportation services is the triggers that increased of using private c ars in Jakarta which causes the high acceleration rate of growth private motor vehicles, both motorcycles and cars since 1999 (Table. L). Congestion reducing approach by push the using of private motor vehicles and evitable of public transportation services is to be important. Failure of transportation systems will interfere with the development of an area, affecting the efficiency of the urban economy.Provides good public transportation service will encourage people to change from private vehicles to public transportation. Based on this fact, the people in Jakarta hope that Jakarta Provincial Government immediately revivalist the public transportation services. Given the fact how important to managing for excellence in public transportation, one of those benefits is public transportation improves the quality of life in immunities by providing safe, efficient, and economical transportation service (Klein, 2005, p. 154).The availability and cost effectiveness of public transportation is also vital to ensuring a healthy economy and improving mobility. Improvements of public transport will help to reduce congestion, air pollution, also oil and energy consumption. One of our government program is to build monorails in Jakarta. The reason to build monorails, because each and every day hundreds of thousands of passengers are carried on monorails, environment friendly and also cost effective (Greenwood, 1963, up. 6-29). Lots of experts who concluded Jakarta will getting worse of congestion if not solving efforts from now.Some of other causes is the lack of public transport services and undisciplined road users in Jakarta. There are several ways or way out that can be used as an approach to solve the congestion problem in Jakarta. Certainly can be done as an approach, such as reducing the use of private motor vehicles and increased ethics, traffic discipline on the highway and revitalization the public Jakarta that fairly representative and already operates nearly aro und 9 years old with Eng corridors more than 200 Km, but Trans-Jakarta has not become a right answer of mass transportation in Jakarta.A new innovation that will implement in Jakarta is to build monorails transportation system. Build the monorails transportation system is not a purely economic and financial feasibility, but more than for the vision of a city. Life and economic activity of a city, depending on how easily people to travel or mobility and how often they can do it to various destinations in the city.Main objective from monorails transportation system is to provides the opportunity for people to improve the quality with a more liable, trustworthy, safe, comfortable, affordable and more economical. Monorails have often been lumped together with flying cars as part of a naive, cartoonist vision of the future (Kennedy, 2005, p. 2). The monorails society defines monorails as â€Å"A single rail serving as a track for passenger or freight vehicles. In most cases rail is elev ated, but monorails can also run at grade, below grade or in subway tunnels (Kennedy, 2005, p. ). Plan to build a monorails in Jakarta is still in a long-term process, but it would be better if the government has already started planning for NY particular infrastructure and study from an international reference about what, why in order to prepare and support this project. The reasons to support of using monorails; 1 . Monorails are nonpolluting, quite and automated, all these characteristics are approximately the same for any electrically powered modern transport system on a guide- way or rails. 2.Safety, the record has been extremely good, with serious operational accidents not yet encountered. 3. Personal safety has also been exceptional, and systems operate in controlled environments, and extensive surveillance programs done by monitors and safety response are in place. 4. Advanced technology image, monorails are associated in the public mind with technological advancement and vi sionary concepts, This may be a considerable positive force, possibly generating considerable public and civic support for implementation. Augurs, 2004). Monorails are categorized in Zero Accident or the safest public transpiration systems. Because of their elevated design, accidents with surface traffic are impossible. Zero accidents translates to no system down time, less liability suits and most importantly, no injuries or deaths where street rail systems with grade crossings (light rail, trams r trellises) can't offer this kind of safety. Also, passenger safety is a primary consideration in the design of modern monorails system.Various manufacturers are ensure passengers safety and comfort during their trips. These kind of modern cars benefited recent interior design techniques and modern convenience features such as fully automated air conditioning systems, the vehicles' air spring suspension and unobstructed passageways to bring an open atmosphere to the passengers, and to pro vide a pleasant time for passengers rather than a time feeling boxed in, as they feel like having fun walking in the air.Monorails are completely electric and produce zero emissions and, as meaner of transpiration, monorails aid in the removal of large amount of various motor vehicle traffics and reduced emissions by tons of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCE) and nitrogen oxides (Knox). Environmentalists have long sought to be rid of pollution and congestion caused by auto traffic in every preserved natural area. There are several examples of green monorails track through Jungle areas.Since most 66 monorails trains run above the surface, wildlife and humans would be safer, noise levels would be lower, and elution would be greatly reduced. Concerning CA emission in passenger transport the rail transport (including light, heavy rail and monorails) is four times more efficient than the car and three times more than the plane on average (Figure 4. 5); also because m ost of the modern light rail and monorails systems have electrical engines, the required energy is supplied by a stationary power supply system fed by the public power grid or a distant small size power plant.This meaner, the mentioned systems does not produce any local exhaust emissions. Assessment of the economic effects associated with the proposed monorails system as been divided into estimated cost values regarding construction period of the system and estimated benefit values associated with system services and consequent regional impact. Monorail systems are not cheap. They cost much more than bus systems. However they usually cost less than light rail systems, considerably less than heavy rail commuter railroads, and much less than underground light rail or subway systems.Even though bus systems normally cost much less, in the case of true bus rapid transit where specially-designed buses run on grade separated bus- only roadways, the costs may exceed that of a monorail line. Generally, there are many variables which influence the price of building a monorail system. Included factors are as follow: 1 . Total length of the system, in many cases, costs can be reduced the longer a system is. 2. Topography, is the terrain flat or hilly. 3. Location, what is the access for construction equipment?Will there be heavy traffic or other impediments to construction? 4. Utilities, relocation of water mains, power lines, telephone lines, etc. Can have a significant effect on cost increases. 6. Passenger requirements, what size and number of vehicles are required? How much time will they wait at stations? 7. Speed, what are the speed requirements of the system? Are there long enough distances between stations so that a higher speed is desired? 8. Number of stations, each additional station adds to the cost. 9. Special structures, such as tunnels, bridges.The swift evolutional technical advancements are inseparable part of our contemporary urban societies. These ongoi ng evolutional modifications, which will continue to reconstruct future cities, are inevitably leading us to dissect the unsent influences on our lives. While, the conventional public transportation does not yet provide the comfort level of a private vehicle, probably the most sensible way to deal with the negative effects of such transformations is to employ recent technical enhancements in our everyday transit systems.However, the relatively high cost of monorail construction has undoubtedly been a factor in limiting the size of these operating systems. Although, soaring costs, long construction timeshare, and immense complexity of required design elements prevent this type of transportation ode to be looked at seriously within the metropolitan areas, the overall benefits make monorail as one the best solutions for institutional usages. ( Danna Parapets ) Bibliography Greenwood, F. H. , 1963. Monorails for Metropolitan Transportation. Small and Medium Enterprise Accessibility Monorails for Urban Community in Jakarta Contemporary societies heavily depend on transportation and modern social life is possible only if people have mobility on a daily basis?the ability to move around so that they can do what they have to do or like to do (Augurs, 2004).On the one hand, high personal mobility and the lifestyle choices are features of modern societies but costs and constraints involved in meeting this demand threaten communities in important ways via financial impositions, increases in pollution and greenhouse effects and reduction of local amenity, promotion of dispersed development and the aka up of farm or bush land and depletion of scarce fossil fuel reserves (G, 1999, up. 11-122). Nowadays almost every day mass media in Indonesia review the issues about poor public transport and increasing levels of traffic congestion in Jakarta.The problem of congestion and poor of public transportation services is the triggers that increased of using private c ars in Jakarta which causes the high acceleration rate of growth private motor vehicles, both motorcycles and cars since 1999 (Table. L). Congestion reducing approach by push the using of private motor vehicles and evitable of public transportation services is to be important. Failure of transportation systems will interfere with the development of an area, affecting the efficiency of the urban economy.Provides good public transportation service will encourage people to change from private vehicles to public transportation. Based on this fact, the people in Jakarta hope that Jakarta Provincial Government immediately revivalist the public transportation services. Given the fact how important to managing for excellence in public transportation, one of those benefits is public transportation improves the quality of life in immunities by providing safe, efficient, and economical transportation service (Klein, 2005, p. 154).The availability and cost effectiveness of public transportation is also vital to ensuring a healthy economy and improving mobility. Improvements of public transport will help to reduce congestion, air pollution, also oil and energy consumption. One of our government program is to build monorails in Jakarta. The reason to build monorails, because each and every day hundreds of thousands of passengers are carried on monorails, environment friendly and also cost effective (Greenwood, 1963, up. 6-29). Lots of experts who concluded Jakarta will getting worse of congestion if not solving efforts from now.Some of other causes is the lack of public transport services and undisciplined road users in Jakarta. There are several ways or way out that can be used as an approach to solve the congestion problem in Jakarta. Certainly can be done as an approach, such as reducing the use of private motor vehicles and increased ethics, traffic discipline on the highway and revitalization the public Jakarta that fairly representative and already operates nearly aro und 9 years old with Eng corridors more than 200 Km, but Trans-Jakarta has not become a right answer of mass transportation in Jakarta.A new innovation that will implement in Jakarta is to build monorails transportation system. Build the monorails transportation system is not a purely economic and financial feasibility, but more than for the vision of a city. Life and economic activity of a city, depending on how easily people to travel or mobility and how often they can do it to various destinations in the city.Main objective from monorails transportation system is to provides the opportunity for people to improve the quality with a more liable, trustworthy, safe, comfortable, affordable and more economical. Monorails have often been lumped together with flying cars as part of a naive, cartoonist vision of the future (Kennedy, 2005, p. 2). The monorails society defines monorails as â€Å"A single rail serving as a track for passenger or freight vehicles. In most cases rail is elev ated, but monorails can also run at grade, below grade or in subway tunnels (Kennedy, 2005, p. ). Plan to build a monorails in Jakarta is still in a long-term process, but it would be better if the government has already started planning for NY particular infrastructure and study from an international reference about what, why in order to prepare and support this project. The reasons to support of using monorails; 1 . Monorails are nonpolluting, quite and automated, all these characteristics are approximately the same for any electrically powered modern transport system on a guide- way or rails. 2.Safety, the record has been extremely good, with serious operational accidents not yet encountered. 3. Personal safety has also been exceptional, and systems operate in controlled environments, and extensive surveillance programs done by monitors and safety response are in place. 4. Advanced technology image, monorails are associated in the public mind with technological advancement and vi sionary concepts, This may be a considerable positive force, possibly generating considerable public and civic support for implementation. Augurs, 2004). Monorails are categorized in Zero Accident or the safest public transpiration systems. Because of their elevated design, accidents with surface traffic are impossible. Zero accidents translates to no system down time, less liability suits and most importantly, no injuries or deaths where street rail systems with grade crossings (light rail, trams r trellises) can't offer this kind of safety. Also, passenger safety is a primary consideration in the design of modern monorails system.Various manufacturers are ensure passengers safety and comfort during their trips. These kind of modern cars benefited recent interior design techniques and modern convenience features such as fully automated air conditioning systems, the vehicles' air spring suspension and unobstructed passageways to bring an open atmosphere to the passengers, and to pro vide a pleasant time for passengers rather than a time feeling boxed in, as they feel like having fun walking in the air.Monorails are completely electric and produce zero emissions and, as meaner of transpiration, monorails aid in the removal of large amount of various motor vehicle traffics and reduced emissions by tons of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCE) and nitrogen oxides (Knox). Environmentalists have long sought to be rid of pollution and congestion caused by auto traffic in every preserved natural area. There are several examples of green monorails track through Jungle areas.Since most 66 monorails trains run above the surface, wildlife and humans would be safer, noise levels would be lower, and elution would be greatly reduced. Concerning CA emission in passenger transport the rail transport (including light, heavy rail and monorails) is four times more efficient than the car and three times more than the plane on average (Figure 4. 5); also because m ost of the modern light rail and monorails systems have electrical engines, the required energy is supplied by a stationary power supply system fed by the public power grid or a distant small size power plant.This meaner, the mentioned systems does not produce any local exhaust emissions. Assessment of the economic effects associated with the proposed monorails system as been divided into estimated cost values regarding construction period of the system and estimated benefit values associated with system services and consequent regional impact. Monorail systems are not cheap. They cost much more than bus systems. However they usually cost less than light rail systems, considerably less than heavy rail commuter railroads, and much less than underground light rail or subway systems.Even though bus systems normally cost much less, in the case of true bus rapid transit where specially-designed buses run on grade separated bus- only roadways, the costs may exceed that of a monorail line. Generally, there are many variables which influence the price of building a monorail system. Included factors are as follow: 1 . Total length of the system, in many cases, costs can be reduced the longer a system is. 2. Topography, is the terrain flat or hilly. 3. Location, what is the access for construction equipment?Will there be heavy traffic or other impediments to construction? 4. Utilities, relocation of water mains, power lines, telephone lines, etc. Can have a significant effect on cost increases. 6. Passenger requirements, what size and number of vehicles are required? How much time will they wait at stations? 7. Speed, what are the speed requirements of the system? Are there long enough distances between stations so that a higher speed is desired? 8. Number of stations, each additional station adds to the cost. 9. Special structures, such as tunnels, bridges.The swift evolutional technical advancements are inseparable part of our contemporary urban societies. These ongoi ng evolutional modifications, which will continue to reconstruct future cities, are inevitably leading us to dissect the unsent influences on our lives. While, the conventional public transportation does not yet provide the comfort level of a private vehicle, probably the most sensible way to deal with the negative effects of such transformations is to employ recent technical enhancements in our everyday transit systems.However, the relatively high cost of monorail construction has undoubtedly been a factor in limiting the size of these operating systems. Although, soaring costs, long construction timeshare, and immense complexity of required design elements prevent this type of transportation ode to be looked at seriously within the metropolitan areas, the overall benefits make monorail as one the best solutions for institutional usages. ( Danna Parapets ) Bibliography Greenwood, F. H. , 1963. Monorails for Metropolitan Transportation.

Oliver Twist1 essays

Oliver Twist1 essays Oliver Twist provides insight into the experience of the poor in 1830s England. Beneath the novels humor and dramatic plot runs an undertone of bitter criticism of the Victorian middle class's attitudes toward the poor. Dickens's Oliver Twist very vividly critisizes the legal system, workhouses, and middle class moral values and marriage practices of 1830s England. Oliver Twist is born a sickly infant in a workhouse. His birth is attended by the parish surgeon and a drunken nurse. His mother kisses his forehead and dies, and the nurse announces that Oliver's mother was found lying in the streets the night before. The surgeon notices that she is not wearing a wedding ring. Oliver is then placed into a very undesirable situation as a poor, homeless, helpless, motherless orphan. The first few years of his life offer nothing more than a life of many trails and little to no triumph. The entire story of Oliver Twist revolves around his mysterious identity. Who is Oliver Twist? The complication Of Olivers life was that he didnt know who he was and he had no place in society. From birth he was thrown from one bad situation into another. He worked in a workhouse where he was treated badly and barely feed. After working there for a while, still a child, he started work with and undertaker who also treated him badly and beat him spiractically. When Oliver ran away from the undertaker, he fell into the hands of some low life thieves, who tired to persuade him into a life of crime. Fagin assures him that he has won Oliver over in spirit, but he wants Oliver to take part in a serious crime in order to firmly seal the boy in his power. (Dickens, Chp. 18) Although temptation is all around him, Oliver does not want to participate in a life of crime. On his first day as a thief Oliver is arrested but not charged The person who accused him of stealing, Mr. ...

BUSH Surname Origin and Last Name Meaning

BUSH Surname Origin and Last Name Meaning Bush is an English surname meaning either: Dweller near a bush or a thicket of bushes, a  wood or a grove, from the Middle English bushe (probably  from either the Old English word busc or the  Old Norse  buskr), meaning bush.Dweller at the sign of a bush (usually a wine merchant). The Bush surname could also be an Americanized version of the German surname Busch. Alternate Surname Spellings:  BUSCH, BISH, BYSH, BYSSHE, BUSSCHE, BUSCHER, BOSCHE, BUSHE, BOSCH, BOUSHE, CUTBUSH Where in the World is the BUSH Surname Found? According to  WorldNames public profiler, the Bush surname is found most prevalently in the United States, with an especially strong presence in the states of Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Georgia and West Virginia. The name is also more popular in New Zealand and Australia, as well as England (especially the East Anglia region). Famous People With the BUSH Surname George H. W. Bush -  41st President of the United StatesGeorge Walker Bush - 43rd President of the United StatesJeb Bush - Governor of Florida from 1998–2007George Washington Bush -  black pioneer settler of the Pacific NorthwestReggie Bush - American football running back for the NFLSarah Bush Lincoln - Stepmother of Abraham LincolnKate Bush -  English singer-songwriter, dancer and record producer Genealogy Resources for the Surname BUSH Bush Surname DNA Project: Any individual with a Bush lineage (or some variant of this name, such as Busch) from anywhere in the world is encouraged to participate in this DNA study, incorporating Y-DNA testing with traditional genealogy research to sort out Bush lineages around the world. Bush Family Association of America: Open to all descendants of, and others actively interested in, the Bush line of  Prescott and Susannah Hines Bush of Edgefield, South Carolina and Webster County, Georgia. Bush Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Bush surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Bush surname query. FamilySearch - BUSH Genealogy: Explore over 2 million results, including digitized records, database entries, and online family trees for the Bush surname and its variations on the FREE FamilySearch website, courtesy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Rootsweb - BUSH Genealogy Mailing List: Join this free genealogy mailing list for discussion  and sharing of information regarding the Bush surname, or search/browse the mailing list archives. The Bush Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Bush surname from the website of Genealogy Today. Sources Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Language Assessment for Korean High school students learning English Essay

Language Assessment for Korean High school students learning English - Essay Example Once the correct techniques and tools are adopted, the learning of English language, like any other language, becomes extremely easy and an effortless exercise. Not only learning a language but testing the skills acquired by learners, is also paramount in achieving the goal of teaching English to students from the non-speaking English background. It is seen that there has been a tendency among social class to attach social values and prejudices to different types of language use, depending on the circumstances they are exposed to. Language socialization is a newly emerging area of study that concerns the process in which a language learner, either a child or an adult, acquires the communicative competence of a target language, and function of the language in that process (Hymes, 1972). In the language socialization perspective, the relationship between the caregivers or teachers and children or students is critical, where the language is the key means of socialization. The major international routine of foreign language classrooms focuses on the initiation, response, and follow-up (IRF), where initiations turn could be a greeting, a question or a drill prompts; a response turn may elucidate an answer or response: and a follow-up turns an evaluation or comment. (Mehan, 1985; Ohata, 1994: van Lier, 1988).  As we have seen, th e need for the English language as the global language for any transaction is often emphasized and the proficiency in the English language communication is a must in the development of individuals, thereby of the global economy. According to Wentworth (1980), the socio-cultural meaning is constantly created and reformed through social interaction between the members and novices of society, and language plays a great role in this process.  

Dewey and the New Vocationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dewey and the New Vocationalism - Essay Example John Dewey argues that workers often become no more than "industrial fodder" in a society controlled by money interests. Denied access to information and accumulated wisdom, workers are disempowered and removed from the realm of decision-making. This reality holds dramatic implications for the health of a democratic society. One such issue in the early 1900s was the proposal that industrial education be provided for children leaving school at twelve or fourteen. The need for this education was manifest in the glaring unfitness of such boys and girls for the work into which nearly all of them went. Not being able to hold their jobs, they drifted from place to place where they learned nothing and where advance became impossible. Educators, social workers, parents, employers, and organizations such as the National Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education had long advocated vocational education for these children; more recently some state legislatures had taken up the matter. Dewey, having long recognized the need of industrial education, was one of its strongest supporters. Dewey aligned himself with those who favored a single, integrated system of education. He agreed that the dual system would involve costly duplication; that it would nullify much of what had been done in enriching and revitalizing traditional academic education by taking out of the traditional system those manual, industrial, and vocational activities just recently put in; and that it would tend to promote social cleavages among both children and adults. For Dewey: a society in which every person shall be occupied in something which makes the lives of others worth living, and which makes the ties which bind people together more perceptible...It denotes a state of affairs in which the interest of each in his work is uncoerced and intelligent...[19] Another concern of Dewey was that a narrowly conceived approach to vocational education would perpetuate social divisions and in a hardened form, for both the employers and the employees would be intellectually limited. This could leave the employer class confined to issues of profit and power, and the employee class concerned only with monetary return from their labor. This would involve a limitation of intelligence to "technical and non-humane, non-liberal channels."[20] http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/97_docs/marshall.html Dewey urged to adopt the integrated system already in use in some of the country's more progressive schools. The old time general, academic education is beginning to be vitalized by the introduction of manual, industrial and social activities; it is beginning to recognize its responsibility to train all the youth for useful citizenship, including a calling in which each may render useful service to society and make an honest and decent living. (1913, p. 144). (Morgan V. Lewis 2001) Everywhere the existing school system is beginning to be alive to the need of supplementary agencies to help it fulfill this purpose, and is taking tentative but

Pros and Cons of ARNP Independent Practice Research Paper

Pros and Cons of ARNP Independent Practice - Research Paper Example 2012). Nursing practices play a decisive role in the professional field so that the health needs of the individuals get fulfilled effectively. The ARNP Independent Practice tends to influence the nursing practice in the form of developing the nursing communities as per the desired level. Notably, this particular practice has a major influence on determining the combination of environmental health ideas and areas of varied nursing practices that significantly aid in lessening the gaps prevailing in the existing global healthcare system (Health Foundation Inc. 2012). In relation to the above context, certain advantages of a nurse practitioner owning a practice or ARNP Independent Practice become quite apparent. In this regard, one of such advantages includes providing the opportunity of specialization as well as maximizing patients’ care. Apart from this, the other advantage of ARNP Independent Practice lays in enhancing the ability of the nurse practitioners towards focusing on different interest areas including alternative therapy and women’s health among others. From the viewpoint of the nurse practitioners, it is worth mentioning that by performing the job roles as an independent healthcare provider, such healthcare professionals will avail the opportunity to work in a collaborative manner with different people. This might result in developing their skills of problem-solving, resolving any sort of conflict, dealing with unnecessary changes and executing effective strategies towards establishing a beneficial practice (Barberio, 2010). On the other hand, certain disadvantages or barriers relating to a nurse practitioner owning a practice are also quite apparent. In this regard, it can be apparently observed that experiencing excessive stress is one of the crucial factors, which restrict the nurse practitioners to own a practice,

Fast Food Nation Essay Example for Free

Fast Food Nation Essay Many feel that the fast food industry is providing a valuable service by catering to consumer needs; that it is inexpensive and easily accessible. For people who dont have time to prepare meals, for households in which both parents work, theres no question it provides a service. But all of this for what cost? The cost is the lives of those people who work in the meat processing plants. Meat packing is now the most dangerous job in the United States. The men and women that work in the slaughterhouses now are often low paid, poor immigrants, who have not completely learned English and are practically illiterate. These workers make a knife cut every two or three seconds, which adds up to about 10,000 cuts per eight hour day. One of the leading causes of the high injury rate in the slaughter houses is the speed at which the meat is disassembled. Hearing this, it is no surprise that lacerations are the most common injuries suffered by the men and women working in the meatpacking industry. Workers are under tremendous pressure to work fast and not report any injuries that may occur. The annual bonuses of plant foremen and supervisors are often based in part on the injury rate of their workers. Instead of creating a safer workplace, the supervisors pressure workers not to report any injuries and as a bonus, they would be moved to an easier job to give them some time to heal. Often, in this industry, supervisor pressure is not the only reason that injuries go unreported; the immigrant workers usually do not know enough English to complete the paperwork that goes along with filing injury reports. This manner that runs the lives of slaughterhouse workers is completely unethical. In any business, stopping an employee from receiving due compensation for injuries is unfair and unethical. It seems like that in any other business, if a worker is injured, and does not receive fair compensation, they have the ability and drive to enforce the law; but in the case of the slaughterhouse workers, that are often illiterate, this rarely happens. The fast food industry both feeds and prays off the young. Pioneers in developing marketing strategies to target children, the fast-food chains have even infiltrated the nations schools through lunchroom franchises and special advertising packages that answer public educations need for funds; in every way possible, giving the children a loyal friend to rely on. In many franchises, teenagers are perfect candidates for low-paying, low-skilled, short-term jobs and constitute a large part of the fast-food chains workforce; and often practically run individual locations, having more responsibility than most adults. The intense advertising and responsibilities is not the only thing we saw in Fast Food Nation that effected children. The quality of the meat that is fed to children in school and at the fast food restaurants is in some cases horrendous. Children are not the only age group that eats this tainted food, but they are more greatly harmed by it. E. coli is now the leading pathogen causing kidney failure among children in the US. The E. coli problem begins in the feedlots. The situation we see for these cattle is disgusting. Cattle are forced to eat out of manure filled pits that are likely to carry E. coli (which can be live for 90 days). To add to that, cattle are often fed remains of other animals such as sheep and even other cattle. If feedlots were more humane and sanitary, the infected herds would not infect others, and the meat that is fed to children would less likely give them E. coli. There are ethical concerns in about every business, but none seem to be as intense as the ones found in the meat packing and fast food industry. These issues concern the actual well being of the employee not just finances or material things. I dont know if it will ever be possible for the fast food and meatpacking industries to be safe environments to work in, but I do hope that someday the lives and needs of the workers are considered. There are not many things as important as a human life, hopefully someday; all the components of these industries that endanger these lives are changed, from E. coli to fatal packing plant injuries.

Abstinence Only Sex Education Essay -- Sex Education

Where in the first world would one expect the teen pregnancy rate to be the highest? Surprisingly, it is the United States that has the highest teen pregnancy rate of any first world country, more than double the rate of twenty other first world countries and almost ten times greater than that of Switzerland. While some of the disparity can be attributed to factors such as income inequality, the presence of abstinence only education has a major impact on birth and STD rates in the United States in comparison to other countries with more comprehensive programs. It is clear that this difference in approaches has a significant effect, and the United States needs to act to ensure the health of its citizens. Urgent actions are necessary because abstinence only education is becoming more popular in the United States and more and more school districts are adopting it. Despite its popularity it has not been proven in any way to be effective in meeting its goals of reducing teen pregnancies and STDs. In fact, there is strong evidence and reasons for its ineffectiveness that should, when compared to the dearth of evidence showing any benefit, make it clear that this is not an effective approach. Not only is it ineffective however, it also results in harm to American teenagers and society by attempting to discourage sex by saying condoms are not safe, and this results in decreased contraception use and thus more STDs and pregnancies. And finally, when America and other first world countries with abstinence only curricula are compared to countries which have a more comprehensive methodology to teaching health, it is clear what is the more effective approach. Abstinence only curricula targeted at adolescents are both ineffective at meeting th... ...ent Education: Ine." bepress Legal Series . N.p., 2004. Web. 25 Apr 2012. Santelli, John, Mary Ott, et al. "Abstinence and abstinence-only education: A review of U.S. policies and programs." Journal of Adolescent Health. 38 (2008): 72-81. Web. 27 Apr. 2012. . Slater, Jon. "Britain: sex education under fire." UNESCO courier. Jul 2000: 18. Web. 25 May. 2012. "The Abstinence-Only Delusion." New York Times 26 Apr 2007, n. pag. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. . Valk, Guus. "The Dutch Model." UNESCO courier. Jul 2000: 19. Web. 25 May. 2012.